Science Advisors to Presidents and Prime Ministers
A Brief History of the Carnegie Group's First Years, 1990-1992

D. Allan Bromley, Assistant to the President of the United States for Science and Technology, Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Allan Bromley, on leave from his position as Henry Ford II Professor of Physics at Yale University, served as a member of the Reagan White House Science Council from 1981 to 1989 and in the above mentioned posts throughout the Bush administration from 1989 to 1993. He was president and then chairman of the board of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1981-1982) and president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (1984-1987). He was awarded the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1988 and is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.

Dr. Bromley was born in Westmeath, Ontario, Canada, on May 4, 1926, and received his B.Sc. degree (with highest honors) from the Faculty of Engineering and his M.Sc. degree in nuclear physics from Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, in 1948 and 1950 respectively. His Ph.D. degree was awarded by the University of Rochester in 1952, and he has subsequently received 30 honorary doctorates from universities in Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, South Africa, and the United States. His undergraduate education was in electrical engineering and physics, and his graduate education and subsequent research career has been in experimental nuclear physics.

Returning to Yale in 1993, he was named to the first Sterling Professorship of the Sciences; in July 1994 he was named Dean of Engineering. In September of 1994 he was elected to the presidential sequence of the American Physical Society and will become its president in 1997. He has published more than 475 scientific and technology papers and edited or authored 19 books.

Hubert Curien, Minister of Research and Technology, Government of France.Hubert Curien served as France's Minister of Research and Technology during 1984-1986 and was reappointed to this post in 1988, serving until 1993. Having been president of the National Center for Space Research for over a decade, he is known as Mr. Space in France and was responsible for putting the first French astronaut into space in 1982. He also served as chairman of the European Space Agency from 1981 to 1984.

He was born on October 30, 1924, and is a graduate of the Ecole Normale Supÿrieure; he received his doctorate in physics from the University of Paris, where he has taught since 1951. He has served as science director, a member of the directing committee, and then as director of the National Center for Scientific Research. From 1973 to 1976 he headed the General Delegation for Scientific and Technological Research, from which position he supervised all state-funded nonmilitary research and development in France. His research work has been in crystallography, mineralogy, and solid body physics.

He has been president or member of more than 30 scientific societies and institutes. Since relinquishing his ministerial post he has become chairman of the board of the Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva.

Alessandro Fontana, Minister of Universities and Scientific Research, Government of Italy. In 1970 Alessandro Fontana, after a number of years as regional and provincial vice secretary of the Christian Democratic party, became a member of the Regional Council of Lombardy and an officer of several cultural and administrative bodies in Lombardy. In 1980 he became vice president of the council and a member of the central committee of the Christian Democrats as well as president of the Lombardy Christian Democrats. In 1985-1986, he was the national vice secretary of the Christian Democrats, and in 1987 he was elected to the Italian Senate, where he was a member of the Senate Standing Commission on Constitutional Affairs, the Commission on the Affairs of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, and the Commission on Home Affairs, State Affairs and Public Administration, as well as a member of the Bicameral Parliamentary Commission on Regional Questions and a member of the Christian Democrats' central steering committee. From June 1992 until April 1993 he was Minister of Universities and Scientific Research in the Amato government.

He was born in Marcheno/Brescia on August 15, 1936, and is currently professor of contemporary history at the University of Brescia. Among his major books are La controrivoluzione cattolica, Oltre il riformismo, I cattolici e l'unita sindicale, Autonomia della cultura, cultura delle autonomie, and L'identita minacciata. He is a correspondent for the daily papers Il Giorno and Corriere della Sera as well as for several magazines.

Wataru Mori, Member, Prime Minister's Council for Science and Technology, Government of Japan.Wataru Mori, professor emeritus and past president of the University of Tokyo, is one of two permanent members of the Prime Minister's Council; he is chairman of the Committee on Policy Matters, which functions as the council's executive committee. The council is the senior advisory body in Japan on matters of science and technology and is chaired by the prime minister. Professor Mori was president of the University of Tokyo from 1985 through 1989 and previously served as professor and chairman of the Department of Pathology and then dean of the Faculty of Medicine.

Born in Tokyo in 1926, he received his M.D. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Tokyo in 1951 and 1957, respectively. He spent 18 months at Yale University in 1956-1959 and a year at Cambridge University from 1966 to 1967. His major field of study has been liver pathology, and he has maintained an active interest in the pineal hormone melatonin, publishing more than 500 papers in the medical literature.

During 1983-1989 he was secretary general of the Japanese Pathological Society, and, since 1983, he has been vice president of the Japanese Association of Medical Science as well as of the International Council of Societies of Pathology. He has also served as president of the Association of Japanese Universities and is currently vice president of the International Association of Universities.

Yuriy A. Osip'yan, Vice President, USSR Academy of Sciences (since October 1988), Director, Solid State Physics Institute of the USSR Academy, Science Advisor to President Gorbachev. Professor Osip'yan is one of the Soviet Union's most respected scientists for his work on semiconductors, superconductors, and the interaction of light with semiconductors. Together with colleagues, including Petr Kapitsa, he founded the Solid State Physics Institute in 1962, serving as a deputy director until 1973, when he became its director.

Born on February 15, 1931, in Moscow, he graduated from the Moscow Steel and Alloys Institute in 1955 and later received his doctorate in physical-mathematical sciences. In recent years, in addition to his continuing research work he has become active in political circles. He was the representative of science and the intelligentsia on the 1990 Soviet Presidential Council. In 1988 he was named to the Academy committee charged with reducing scientific bureaucracy. In 1989 he was elected to the Congress of the USSR Peoples' Deputies and was a member of the Supreme Soviet's Science Committee. President Gorbachev selected Professor Osip'yan as his science advisor in 1990.

He has remained active in academic circles as professor, department chairman, and dean at the Moscow Physical Technical Institute. He has served as president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and is the editor of an international science journal for high school students.

Since the breakup of the Soviet Union Professor Osip'yan has continued as vice president of the Russian Academy of Sciences and as director of the Solid State Physics Institute.

Filippo M. Pandolfi, Vice President of the EC Commission for Science, Telecommunications, Research and Development. Filippo Pandolfi, a Christian Democrat member of the Italian Parliament for more than twenty years, has held several important ministerial portfolios, including Finance (1976-1978), Treasury (1978-1980), Industry and Commerce (1980-1981 and 1982-1983), and Agriculture (1983-1988). In these ministerial posts he dealt with many central European Community issues, including the value-added tax, the European Monetary System, and the Common Agricultural Policy. He has played a central role in fostering the competitiveness of European industry, has expanded the EC investment in R&D in the member countries, and has established centers of excellence in many areas of technology.

He was born in 1927 in Bergamo, Italy, and holds a degree in literature and philosophy. He speaks Greek, Latin, French, and English in addition to his native Italian and managed a publishing house from 1952 until his election to Parliament.

Heinz Riesenhuber, Minister for Research and Technology, Federal Republic of Germany. A Christian Democratic Union member of the German Parliament representing Frankfurt, Heinz Reisenhuber has been one of Germany's most effective ministers and one who played a very important role in the unification of the eastern and western German science and technology communities. As an experienced industrial chemist, he fashioned a research policy emphasizing what he defines as creative research--that stimulated by market forces rather than by projects designed to elicit federal support.

He was born on December 1, 1935, and holds a doctorate in chemistry from the University of Frankfurt. From the mid-1960s until 1982 he worked for subsidiaries of Metallgesellschaft AG, a chemical and metal products company and was general manager of one of these subsidiaries (Erzgesellschaft mbH) from 1976 until he became Minister in 1982.

He became a member of the CDU Executive Committee in Hesse in 1965 and of its Presidium in 1968. From 1973 to 1978 he directed the local association of the Frankfurt CDU, and in 1976 he moved to Bonn to serve in the Bundestag, where he rose rapidly to become the recognized spokesperson for technology policy.

Retiring as Minister in 1993, he has just been reelected to the Bundestag; he also serves on several major boards of directors.

Antonio Ruberti, Minister of Scientific Research and Universities, Government of Italy. Antonio Ruberti, a member of the Socialist Party, has played a key role in the development of U.S.-Italian scientific cooperation. He served as Minister without Portfolio for Scientific Research from 1987 until May 1989, when his position was elevated to full ministerial status and his portfolio was expanded to include the Italian universities. From June 1989 until 1993 he served as chairman of EUREKA, the committee sponsored by the European Community to facilitate cooperation between the universities and research institutions and industries in advanced technological areas.

He was born on January 27, 1927, and holds an electrical engineering degree from the University of Naples--awarded in 1954; from 1959 through 1964 he was a member of the Bordani Foundation in Rome, and during 1962-1967 he was a member of the faculty of the University of Rome. From 1977 to 1987 he was rector of that university. One of his major fields of interest is automation, and he sponsored a commission on that topic during 1973-1976 while he was a professor at Italy's National Research Center.He has also published extensively on theories of systems control and served on the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Among his awards are the Legion of Honor (1982) and Italy's Gold Medal for Services to Education Culture and Art (1983). In 1993 he replaced Filippo Pandolfi as vice president of the European Community Commission for Science, Telecommunications, Research and Development.

Boris G. Saltykov, Minister of Science, Higher Schools and Technical Policy of the Russian Federation. Boris Saltykov has held the above ministerial appointment since 1991 and simultaneously serves as the science advisor to Russia's President Yeltsin. He also served as Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation from June 1992 until April 1993 and from that time until the present has been a member of the Russian Parliament.

He was born in Moscow on December 27, 1940, and received his education at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Graduating with the Candidate degree in Economic Sciences, from 1967 to 1986 he served as a researcher, then head of the laboratory and finally head of the division at the Institute of Economics and Forecasting of Progress in Science and Technology in the USSR Academy of Sciences. He continued his division directorship in the Russian Academy's Institute of Economic Forecasting from 1986 to 1991.

In 1991 he became Deputy Director of the Analytic Center of the Institute and was appointed to his current ministerial post. He has played a central role in the reorganization of the entire Russian science and technology enterprise and in the foundation of the Russian analog of the U.S. National Science Foundation.

William D. P. Stewart, Chief Scientific Advisor, Cabinet Office, Government of the United Kingdom. William D. P. Stewart is responsible for advising the Prime Minister and the Cabinet on scientific and technological matters and on science related aspects of other issues. He is also charged with expanding the governmental investment in scientific and technological areas. Before assuming his current post he was Secretary (since 1987) of the Agriculture and Food Research Council, which is responsible for funding of UK research in the life sciences.

Born in Glasgow in 1935, he was educated on the Isle of Islay and received his B.Sc. (1958), Ph.D. (1961), and D.Sc. (1973) from the University of Glasgow. A biologist, he spent short periods at the University of Nottingham, the University of London, and the University of Wisconsin before being appointed Boyd Baxter Professor and Chairman of the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Dundee in 1968; at the age of 24 he served as vice principal of this university. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1973 and of the Royal Society of London in 1977

He served on the Natural Environment Research Council (1979-1985), the Advisory Board for the Research Councils (1988-present), the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (1986-1990), the National Economic Development Organization Working Group on Biotechnology (1989-1990), and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Priorities Board (1988*-1990). He has also served on many international boards and commissions on ecology and the environment and has published widely; among his books are Nitrogen Fixation in Plants (1966) and The Nitrogen Cycle of the United Kingdom (1984).

William A. Waldegrave, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Minister of Science and Technology, Government of the United Kingdom. William Waldegrave is a direct descendant of Britain's first Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole. He was elected to the House of Commons (from Bristol West) in 1979 and to the Privy Council in 1990.

He was educated at Eton and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and was a Kennedy Fellow at Harvard. At Oxford he was President of the Oxford Union and of the Oxford University Conservative Association.

From 1971 to 1986 he was a member of the Central Policy Review Staff in the Cabinet Office; from 1971 to 1973, of the Political Staff, 10 Downing Street. From 1973 to 1974 he was Head of the Office of the Leader of the Opposition, and from 1974 to 1975 he was Party Undersecretary of State. From 1983 to 1985 he was Minister of State for the Environment and Countryside, from 1985 to 1987 Minister of State for Planning, and for Housing, and from 1987 to 1988 Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. In 1990 he was named Secretary of State for Health, and in 1992 Minister of Science and Technology.Among his books are The Binding of Leviathan--Conservatism and the Future (1977) and Changing Gear--What the Government Should Do Next?(1981). He was responsible for a very influential White Paper that has resulted in major changes in the science and technology and university enterprises in the United Kingdom.

William Winegard, Minister for Science within Industry, Science and Technology, Government of Canada. William Winegard was elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1984, where he served as Chairman of the House Standing Committee on External Affairs and National Defense (1984-1986) and of the House Standing Committee on External Affairs and International Trade (1986-1988). Before his current ministerial post, he was Minister of State for Science and Technology (1988-1989). He was named to the Canadian Privy Council in 1989.

He was born on September 17, 1924; after serving in the Royal Canadian Navy (1942-1945), he received his doctorate in metallurgical engineering in 1952 from the University of Toronto, where he taught until 1967. He was then named President and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Guelph, where he served from 1967 to 1975. He served on the Board of Governors of the Ontario Research Foundation and on the Board of Governors of the International Development Research Center (IDRC). In 1975 he founded his own engineering and consulting firm.

During his ministerial career, William Winegard has called for greater emphasis on science in the nation's schools and for greater cooperation among university, government and industrial scientists and engineers.

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