Science
Advisors to Presidents and Prime Ministers
A Brief History of the Carnegie Group's First Years, 1990-1992
APPENDIX A
BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF CARNEGIE GROUP MEMBERS, 1991-1992
D.
Allan Bromley, Assistant to the President of the United
States for Science and Technology, Director of the White House
Office of Science and Technology Policy. Allan Bromley, on
leave from his position as Henry Ford II Professor of Physics
at Yale University, served as a member of the Reagan White House
Science Council from 1981 to 1989 and in the above mentioned posts
throughout the Bush administration from 1989 to 1993. He was president
and then chairman of the board of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science (1981-1982) and president of the International
Union of Pure and Applied Physics (1984-1987). He was awarded
the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1988 and is a member of
the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.
Dr. Bromley was born in Westmeath, Ontario, Canada, on May 4,
1926, and received his B.Sc. degree (with highest honors) from
the Faculty of Engineering and his M.Sc. degree in nuclear physics
from Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, in 1948 and 1950
respectively. His Ph.D. degree was awarded by the University of
Rochester in 1952, and he has subsequently received 30 honorary
doctorates from universities in Canada, China, France, Germany,
Italy, South Africa, and the United States. His undergraduate
education was in electrical engineering and physics, and his graduate
education and subsequent research career has been in experimental
nuclear physics.
Returning to Yale in 1993, he was named to the first Sterling
Professorship of the Sciences; in July 1994 he was named Dean
of Engineering. In September of 1994 he was elected to the presidential
sequence of the American Physical Society and will become its
president in 1997. He has published more than 475 scientific and
technology papers and edited or authored 19 books.
Hubert
Curien, Minister of Research and Technology, Government
of France.Hubert Curien served as France's Minister of Research
and Technology during 1984-1986 and was reappointed to this post
in 1988, serving until 1993. Having been president of the National
Center for Space Research for over a decade, he is known as Mr.
Space in France and was responsible for putting the first French
astronaut into space in 1982. He also served as chairman of the
European Space Agency from 1981 to 1984.
He was born on October 30, 1924, and is a graduate of the Ecole
Normale Supırieure; he received his doctorate in physics from
the University of Paris, where he has taught since 1951. He has
served as science director, a member of the directing committee,
and then as director of the National Center for Scientific Research.
From 1973 to 1976 he headed the General Delegation for Scientific
and Technological Research, from which position he supervised
all state-funded nonmilitary research and development in France.
His research work has been in crystallography, mineralogy, and
solid body physics.
He has been president or member of more than 30 scientific societies
and institutes. Since relinquishing his ministerial post he has
become chairman of the board of the Center for Nuclear Research
(CERN) in Geneva.
Alessandro
Fontana, Minister of Universities and Scientific Research,
Government of Italy. In 1970 Alessandro Fontana, after a number
of years as regional and provincial vice secretary of the Christian
Democratic party, became a member of the Regional Council of Lombardy
and an officer of several cultural and administrative bodies in
Lombardy. In 1980 he became vice president of the council and
a member of the central committee of the Christian Democrats as
well as president of the Lombardy Christian Democrats. In 1985-1986,
he was the national vice secretary of the Christian Democrats,
and in 1987 he was elected to the Italian Senate, where he was
a member of the Senate Standing Commission on Constitutional Affairs,
the Commission on the Affairs of the Presidency of the Council
of Ministers, and the Commission on Home Affairs, State Affairs
and Public Administration, as well as a member of the Bicameral
Parliamentary Commission on Regional Questions and a member of
the Christian Democrats' central steering committee. From June
1992 until April 1993 he was Minister of Universities and Scientific
Research in the Amato government.
He was born in Marcheno/Brescia on August 15, 1936, and is currently
professor of contemporary history at the University of Brescia.
Among his major books are La controrivoluzione cattolica, Oltre
il riformismo, I cattolici e l'unita sindicale, Autonomia della
cultura, cultura delle autonomie, and L'identita minacciata.
He is a correspondent for the daily papers Il Giorno and Corriere
della Sera as well as for several magazines.
Wataru
Mori, Member, Prime Minister's Council for Science and
Technology, Government of Japan.Wataru Mori, professor emeritus
and past president of the University of Tokyo, is one of two permanent
members of the Prime Minister's Council; he is chairman of the
Committee on Policy Matters, which functions as the council's
executive committee. The council is the senior advisory body in
Japan on matters of science and technology and is chaired by the
prime minister. Professor Mori was president of the University
of Tokyo from 1985 through 1989 and previously served as professor
and chairman of the Department of Pathology and then dean of the
Faculty of Medicine.
Born in Tokyo in 1926, he received his M.D. and Ph.D. degrees
from the University of Tokyo in 1951 and 1957, respectively. He
spent 18 months at Yale University in 1956-1959 and a year at
Cambridge University from 1966 to 1967. His major field of study
has been liver pathology, and he has maintained an active interest
in the pineal hormone melatonin, publishing more than 500 papers
in the medical literature.
During 1983-1989 he was secretary general of the Japanese Pathological
Society, and, since 1983, he has been vice president of the Japanese
Association of Medical Science as well as of the International
Council of Societies of Pathology. He has also served as president
of the Association of Japanese Universities and is currently vice
president of the International Association of Universities.
Yuriy
A. Osip'yan, Vice President, USSR Academy of Sciences (since
October 1988), Director, Solid State Physics Institute of the
USSR Academy, Science Advisor to President Gorbachev. Professor
Osip'yan is one of the Soviet Union's most respected scientists
for his work on semiconductors, superconductors, and the interaction
of light with semiconductors. Together with colleagues, including
Petr Kapitsa, he founded the Solid State Physics Institute in
1962, serving as a deputy director until 1973, when he became
its director.
Born on February 15, 1931, in Moscow, he graduated from the Moscow
Steel and Alloys Institute in 1955 and later received his doctorate
in physical-mathematical sciences. In recent years, in addition
to his continuing research work he has become active in political
circles. He was the representative of science and the intelligentsia
on the 1990 Soviet Presidential Council. In 1988 he was named
to the Academy committee charged with reducing scientific bureaucracy.
In 1989 he was elected to the Congress of the USSR Peoples' Deputies
and was a member of the Supreme Soviet's Science Committee. President
Gorbachev selected Professor Osip'yan as his science advisor in
1990.
He has remained active in academic circles as professor, department
chairman, and dean at the Moscow Physical Technical Institute.
He has served as president of the International Union of Pure
and Applied Physics and is the editor of an international science
journal for high school students.
Since
the breakup of the Soviet Union Professor Osip'yan has continued
as vice president of the Russian Academy of Sciences and as director
of the Solid State Physics Institute.
Filippo
M. Pandolfi, Vice President of the EC Commission for Science,
Telecommunications, Research and Development. Filippo Pandolfi,
a Christian Democrat member of the Italian Parliament for more
than twenty years, has held several important ministerial portfolios,
including Finance (1976-1978), Treasury (1978-1980), Industry
and Commerce (1980-1981 and 1982-1983), and Agriculture (1983-1988).
In these ministerial posts he dealt with many central European
Community issues, including the value-added tax, the European
Monetary System, and the Common Agricultural Policy. He has played
a central role in fostering the competitiveness of European industry,
has expanded the EC investment in R&D in the member countries,
and has established centers of excellence in many areas of technology.
He was born in 1927 in Bergamo, Italy, and holds a degree in literature
and philosophy. He speaks Greek, Latin, French, and English in
addition to his native Italian and managed a publishing house
from 1952 until his election to Parliament.
Heinz
Riesenhuber, Minister for Research and Technology, Federal
Republic of Germany. A Christian Democratic Union member of
the German Parliament representing Frankfurt, Heinz Reisenhuber
has been one of Germany's most effective ministers and one who
played a very important role in the unification of the eastern
and western German science and technology communities. As an experienced
industrial chemist, he fashioned a research policy emphasizing
what he defines as creative research--that stimulated by
market forces rather than by projects designed to elicit federal
support.
He was born on December 1, 1935, and holds a doctorate in chemistry
from the University of Frankfurt. From the mid-1960s until 1982
he worked for subsidiaries of Metallgesellschaft AG, a chemical
and metal products company and was general manager of one of these
subsidiaries (Erzgesellschaft mbH) from 1976 until he became Minister
in 1982.
He
became a member of the CDU Executive Committee in Hesse in 1965
and of its Presidium in 1968. From 1973 to 1978 he directed the
local association of the Frankfurt CDU, and in 1976 he moved to
Bonn to serve in the Bundestag, where he rose rapidly to become
the recognized spokesperson for technology policy.
Retiring as Minister in 1993, he has just been reelected to the
Bundestag; he also serves on several major boards of directors.
Antonio
Ruberti, Minister of Scientific Research and Universities,
Government of Italy. Antonio Ruberti, a member of the Socialist
Party, has played a key role in the development of U.S.-Italian
scientific cooperation. He served as Minister without Portfolio
for Scientific Research from 1987 until May 1989, when his position
was elevated to full ministerial status and his portfolio was
expanded to include the Italian universities. From June 1989 until
1993 he served as chairman of EUREKA, the committee sponsored
by the European Community to facilitate cooperation between the
universities and research institutions and industries in advanced
technological areas.
He was born on January 27, 1927, and holds an electrical engineering
degree from the University of Naples--awarded in 1954; from 1959
through 1964 he was a member of the Bordani Foundation in Rome,
and during 1962-1967 he was a member of the faculty of the University
of Rome. From 1977 to 1987 he was rector of that university. One
of his major fields of interest is automation, and he sponsored
a commission on that topic during 1973-1976 while he was a professor
at Italy's National Research Center.He has also published extensively
on theories of systems control and served on the editorial boards
of several scientific journals. Among his awards are the Legion
of Honor (1982) and Italy's Gold Medal for Services to Education
Culture and Art (1983). In 1993 he replaced Filippo Pandolfi as
vice president of the European Community Commission for Science,
Telecommunications, Research and Development.
Boris
G. Saltykov, Minister of Science, Higher Schools and Technical
Policy of the Russian Federation. Boris Saltykov has held
the above ministerial appointment since 1991 and simultaneously
serves as the science advisor to Russia's President Yeltsin. He
also served as Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation
from June 1992 until April 1993 and from that time until the present
has been a member of the Russian Parliament.
He was born in Moscow on December 27, 1940, and received his education
at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Graduating
with the Candidate degree in Economic Sciences, from 1967 to 1986
he served as a researcher, then head of the laboratory and finally
head of the division at the Institute of Economics and Forecasting
of Progress in Science and Technology in the USSR Academy of Sciences.
He continued his division directorship in the Russian Academy's
Institute of Economic Forecasting from 1986 to 1991.
In 1991 he became Deputy Director of the Analytic Center of the
Institute and was appointed to his current ministerial post. He
has played a central role in the reorganization of the entire
Russian science and technology enterprise and in the foundation
of the Russian analog of the U.S. National Science Foundation.
William
D. P. Stewart, Chief Scientific Advisor, Cabinet Office,
Government of the United Kingdom. William D. P. Stewart is
responsible for advising the Prime Minister and the Cabinet on
scientific and technological matters and on science related aspects
of other issues. He is also charged with expanding the governmental
investment in scientific and technological areas. Before assuming
his current post he was Secretary (since 1987) of the Agriculture
and Food Research Council, which is responsible for funding of
UK research in the life sciences.
Born in Glasgow in 1935, he was educated on the Isle of Islay
and received his B.Sc. (1958), Ph.D. (1961), and D.Sc. (1973)
from the University of Glasgow. A biologist, he spent short periods
at the University of Nottingham, the University of London, and
the University of Wisconsin before being appointed Boyd Baxter
Professor and Chairman of the Department of Biological Sciences
at the University of Dundee in 1968; at the age of 24 he served
as vice principal of this university. He was elected a Fellow
of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1973 and of the Royal Society
of London in 1977
He
served on the Natural Environment Research Council (1979-1985),
the Advisory Board for the Research Councils (1988-present), the
Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (1986-1990), the National
Economic Development Organization Working Group on Biotechnology
(1989-1990), and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Priorities Board (1988*-1990). He has also served on many international
boards and commissions on ecology and the environment and has
published widely; among his books are Nitrogen Fixation in
Plants (1966) and The Nitrogen Cycle of the United Kingdom
(1984).
William
A. Waldegrave, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Minister
of Science and Technology, Government of the United Kingdom.
William Waldegrave is a direct descendant of Britain's first Prime
Minister, Sir Robert Walpole. He was elected to the House of Commons
(from Bristol West) in 1979 and to the Privy Council in 1990.
He was educated at Eton and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford,
and was a Kennedy Fellow at Harvard. At Oxford he was President
of the Oxford Union and of the Oxford University Conservative
Association.
From 1971 to 1986 he was a member of the Central Policy Review
Staff in the Cabinet Office; from 1971 to 1973, of the Political
Staff, 10 Downing Street. From 1973 to 1974 he was Head of the
Office of the Leader of the Opposition, and from 1974 to 1975
he was Party Undersecretary of State. From 1983 to 1985 he was
Minister of State for the Environment and Countryside, from 1985
to 1987 Minister of State for Planning, and for Housing, and from
1987 to 1988 Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth
Office. In 1990 he was named Secretary of State for Health, and
in 1992 Minister of Science and Technology.Among his books are
The Binding of Leviathan--Conservatism and the Future (1977)
and Changing Gear--What the Government Should Do Next?(1981).
He was responsible for a very influential White Paper that has
resulted in major changes in the science and technology and university
enterprises in the United Kingdom.
William
Winegard, Minister for Science within Industry, Science
and Technology, Government of Canada. William Winegard was
elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1984, where he served
as Chairman of the House Standing Committee on External Affairs
and National Defense (1984-1986) and of the House Standing Committee
on External Affairs and International Trade (1986-1988). Before
his current ministerial post, he was Minister of State for Science
and Technology (1988-1989). He was named to the Canadian Privy
Council in 1989.
He was born on September 17, 1924; after serving in the Royal
Canadian Navy (1942-1945), he received his doctorate in metallurgical
engineering in 1952 from the University of Toronto, where he taught
until 1967. He was then named President and Vice-Chancellor of
the University of Guelph, where he served from 1967 to 1975. He
served on the Board of Governors of the Ontario Research Foundation
and on the Board of Governors of the International Development
Research Center (IDRC). In 1975 he founded his own engineering
and consulting firm.
During his ministerial career, William Winegard has called for
greater emphasis on science in the nation's schools and for greater
cooperation among university, government and industrial scientists
and engineers.
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