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CLASS OF 2002 CARNEGIE SCHOLARS ANNOUNCED
ELEVEN “SCHOLARS OF VISION” AWARDED $1.1
MILLION BY CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK
Scholars Chosen for Innovative Scholarship in Education,
International Development, Strengthening U.S. Democracy and
International Peace and Security
New
York, New York—May 19, 2002. Carnegie Corporation of New York
has selected 11 leading researchers at American universities and
colleges for this year's class of Carnegie Scholars. They join 28
others awarded fellowships since 2000. Each of the scholars, chosen
in a highly competitive process, will receive up to $100,000, for one
to two years to pursue subjects advancing the strategic work of the
Corporation. This third class of Carnegie Scholars will explore
issues critical to civil society and terrorism, multicultural
challenge in liberal democracies, ethnic conflict in Europe, race in
American life, representative democracy, comparative development,
constitutional configurations of the past, color-blind affirmative
action, the sociology of military strategy and threat assessment, and
the history of foreign aid.
“We want to encourage and support original and creative scholars
working on a wide array of social issues who are linked together by
their individual commitments to discovering and advancing knowledge
and to improving society,” said Vartan Gregorian, president of
Carnegie Corporation of New York. Gregorian inaugurated the Scholars
Program in 1999 to renew and invigorate the Corporation’s
commitment to encourage innovative individuals who are engaged in
promising scholarship that extends the boundaries of the Corporation’s
program areas. “We believe that excellent scholarship is a
prerequisite for solid policy research and, ultimately, social
change.”
The 11 Carnegie Scholars of 2002 represent both promising and
recognized scholars. “Because we understand that successful
innovation may come from either reliable sources or yet-untapped
talent, we wanted our search process to identify both established and
emerging experts in the relevant fields,” said Gregorian.
The 11 Carnegie Scholars, their institutions and research titles are:
David B. Edwards, Williams College
“Civil Society and Terrorism in Afghanistan”
Erin K. Jenne, Harvard University
“Europe’s Long Struggle with Ethnic Conflict: From the
League of Nations to the European Union”
Carol Lancaster, Georgetown University
“Fifty Years of Foreign Aid: An Analytical History”
Glenn Cartman Loury, Boston University
“Color-Blind Affirmative Action: Assessing the Trade-off between
Efficiency and Representativeness in College Admissions in a World
Without Racial Preferences”
Uday S. Mehta, Amherst College
“Constitutional Configurations of the Past: A Comparative Study
of India, Israel, South Africa, and the U.S.”
Rajan Menon, Lehigh University
“Islam and the Politics, Foreign Policy, and National Security
of the Russian Federation”
Sharyn O’Halloran, Columbia University
“More than the License Plates: Majority-Minority Voting
Districts and Representative Democracy”
Adolph Reed, Jr., New School University
“Race in American Life: What It Is, What It Isn’t/How It
Works, How It Doesn’t”
James A. Robinson, University of California at Berkeley
“Understanding the Institutional Determinants of Comparative
Development”
Ian Roxborough, State University of New York, Stony Brook
“Diagnosing New Dangers: A Sociology of Military Strategy and
Threat Assessment”
Richard A. Shweder, University of Chicago
“When Cultures Collide: The Multicultural Challenge in Liberal
Democracies”
Project descriptions for each scholar are attached to this
release.
The Corporation names up to 20 Carnegie Scholars annually.
Fellowships are awarded for a period of one to two years, depending
upon the nature and design of the research. The maximum amount of the
award is $100,000. At the end of each fellowship, Carnegie Scholars
will submit written reports to the Corporation, which may then assist
in disseminating those results.
Scholars program candidates are identified by nominators and then
evaluated by committees including both Carnegie Corporation program
leaders and external advisors. Nominators for the current class
included college and university presidents, professors, provosts,
vice presidents for research and heads of research institutes from
universities and liberal arts colleges, as well as a broad mix from
non-academic institutions. “Criteria for selection were based on
stringent academic standards and the relevance of the project to
Corporation program priorities,” said Neil Grabois, vice
president and director for strategic planning and program
coordination at Carnegie Corporation of New York, who facilitated the
various levels of deliberations. From an initial group of 100
nominees, 32 were invited to provide complete project descriptions.
Eleven finalists were approved by the president and presented to
Carnegie Corporation’s board of trustees.
Patricia Rosenfield, chair of Carnegie Corporation’s Scholars
Program and special advisor to the vice president and director for
strategic planning and program coordination, noted that, “This
new group of scholars is a strong collection of extraordinarily
creative individuals. We hope the awards will provide them with new
freedom and opportunity to use their imaginations and arrive at fresh
ideas that can advance social issues.”
Carnegie Corporation of New York was created by Andrew Carnegie in
1911 to promote "the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and
understanding." As a grantmaking foundation, the Corporation seeks to
carry out Carnegie's vision of philanthropy, which he said should aim
"to do real and permanent good in the world." The Corporation's
capital fund, originally donated at a value of about $135 million,
had a market value of $1.7 billion on September 30, 2001. The
Corporation awards grants totaling approximately $75 million a year
in the areas of education, international peace and security,
international development and strengthening U.S. democracy.
# # #
2002 Scholars Project Descriptions
David B. Edwards
Professor of Anthropology
Department of Anthropology and Sociology
Williams College
Williamstown, Massachusetts
"Civil Society and Terrorism in Afghanistan"
Edwards, an anthropologist studying 20th and 21st century
Afghanistan, will examine the breakdown of civil society in
Afghanistan and the parallel expansion of Al-Qaeda bases that have
become infamous recently for their association with international
terrorist activities. His goal is to illuminate the social, political
and economic transformations inside Afghanistan that made it possible
for Al-Qaeda to establish a base of operations and to understand the
role of foreign powers in bringing these transformations about.
Edwards will base his study on an extensive archive of videotapes,
photographs, audiotapes and reporters’ notes compiled by Afghan
journalists covering all aspects of Afghan society and politics
during and immediately after the Soviet occupation. He hopes to use
his research to produce a website, a documentary film and a book
which details and analyzes the consequences of party indoctrination
and control, foreign occupation, the proliferation of weapons and
protracted conflict on Afghan society.
Erin K. Jenne
Post-Doctoral Fellow
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and
WPF Program on Intra-State Conflict
John F. Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
“Europe’s Long Struggle with Ethnic Conflict: From the
League of Nations to the European Union”
Jenne, a post-doctoral fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of
Government, is asking the question, How do third parties intervene to
protect minorities without encouraging minority rebellion or
exacerbating ethnic strife? She says that while history offers
insights into this question, most of the solutions considered for
today’s ethnic conflicts—ethnic partition, territorial
autonomy, outside intervention and external inducements—have
already been employed in the inter-war period (the period between
World War I and World War II). She proposes to reexamine this history
in order to learn which instruments are likely to be most effective
in resolving conflicts today. The results of this study will be
distilled into a book on how today’s policymakers can learn from
the mistakes of the League of Nations to create a regime that
promotes peace and tolerance in Europe and elsewhere around the
world.
Carol Lancaster
Associate Professor and Director
Master of Science in Foreign Service Program
Georgetown University
Washington, D.C.
“Fifty Years of Foreign Aid: An Analytical History”
Lancaster, an accomplished scholar and public servant working on
foreign aid issues, will use her fellowship money to research and
write a book entitled Fifty Years of Foreign Aid: An Analytical
History. The book will be a narrative and analysis of the evolution
and impact of “foreign economic assistance” or
“foreign aid” from major donor governments over the past
fifty years. It will build on her considerable experience and
scholarly expertise to provide the first broad evaluation of why
foreign aid became such a prominent innovation in statecraft in the
second half of the 20th century, what impact it has had and how it is
likely to evolve in the 21st century. Drawing on the concepts of
political and social science, Lancaster will attempt to answer two
fundamental questions in the book: Why did various governments
provide aid? And what impact did the aid have?
Glenn Cartman Loury
Professor of Economics and
Director of The Institute on Race and Social Division
Boston University
Boston, Massachusetts
“Color-Blind Affirmative Action: Assessing the Trade-off
between Efficiency and Representativeness in College Admissions in a
World Without Racial Preferences”
Loury, a distinguished scholar, well-known for his work on the
applications of economic theory to public policy issues involving
race, proposes to produce a methodology for quantitatively assessing
how the elimination of explicit racial preferences in college
admissions can be expected to affect student selection processes at
institutions where racial diversity continues to be sought. The
method he hopes to develop takes advantage of the fact that a number
of non-academic, non-racial criteria already exist which can be used
to sort applicants, and which are distributed quite differently
within different racial groups. Many of these criteria (geographic
location, area of intellectual interest, non-academic life
experience, social class) are already employed by many colleges and
universities in the selection process. He will publish the results of
his inquiry in a book that would make his research more broadly
available for other areas of selection policy, such as business
contracting and employment, where the explicit use of race is being
contested.
Uday S. Mehta
Professor
Department of Political Science
Amherst College
Amherst, MA
“Constitutional Configurations of the Past: A Comparative
Study of India, Israel, South Africa, and the U.S.”
Mehta, an acclaimed political theorist, will study how constitutions
configure the relationship between the past of a country and its
imagined future. He will focus on the constitutional orientations,
the democratic opportunities and the public policies regarding
minority groups in India, Israel, South Africa and the United States.
With his work on the African-American community in the U.S.
substantially complete, Mehta will conduct case studies of religious,
caste and regional minorities in India as they struggle for political
and social recognition; of white and “coloured” minorities
in the new South Africa; and diverse ethnic and religious minorities
within the quasi-constitutional arrangements in Israel. His project
will provide insights into the question of constitutional design as
it concerns equality and recognition in contemporary politics.
Rajan Menon
Monroe J. Rathone Professor of International Relations
Lehigh University
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
“Islam and the Politics, Foreign Policy, and National
Security of the Russian Federation”
Menon seeks to explore how Islam in its diverse forms and
manifestations could shape Russia’s political order, the means
and ends of its foreign policy and the formulation and implementation
of its national security strategy. He will focus on the major
Islamic zones within Russia (the north Caucasus, Bashkortostan and
Tatarstan) and on Russia’s policies toward Central Asia and the
South Caucasus’s neighboring regions where the role of Islamic
politics is particularly evident. His project will investigate some
of the following questions: Do Russians reduce Islam in politics to
fundamentalism, or is there a richer and more complex understanding
taking root among them?; What are the practical consequences of the
ways in which Islam’s national security significance is
understood in Russia?; And how much attention has the Russian
military paid to Islam’s political role? Through his research,
Menon hopes to provide a fuller, more complex appreciation of Islam
and politics in Russia.
Sharyn O’Halloran
Associate Professor
Department of Political Science
Columbia University
New York, New York
“More than the License Plates: Majority-Minority Voting
Districts and Representative Democracy”
O’Halloran’s project will explore how alternative
districting strategies can impact the ability of minority groups to
affect the passage of legislation at both the national and state
levels by looking at not only who gets elected, but also how these
legislators act once in office. She will start by examining the
impact of majority-minority districts on citizens’ connection to
the democratic process at all levels: in the voting booth, in
relations with their representative and in the final policies passed
by government. She will then link these findings to the current
political and legal debates over districting: how can the experiences
of the past decade be reconciled with Supreme Court doctrine on
voting rights to produce a fair and effective system of districting
and representation? She will compile her findings into a book and
several articles that address the impact of districting on the
representation of minority interests in national and state
legislatures.
Adolph L. Reed, Jr.
Professor
Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science
New School University
New York, New York
“Race in American Life: What It Is, What It Isn’t/How It
Works, How It Doesn’t”
Reed, an expert on race and the construction of racial identities,
will provide an account of race’s role in American life. Working
at the intersection of the new demography of labor and the emerging
politics of race, he will examine the role of institutional relations
in shaping pragmatic understandings of race and racial difference as
they evolved in the United States over the 20th century. His study
will reconstruct the dynamics of political and social relations
through which racial ideologies and common beliefs of racial
difference have taken shape in order to clarify and demystify the
idea of race in contemporary life.
James Robinson
Associate Professor
Department of Political Science
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California
“Understanding the Institutional Determinants of Comparative
Development”
Robinson, a political scientist, seeks to answer the question, Why
are some countries rich while others are not? He believes that the
reasons arise from differences in the way society organizes
institutions. He will travel to Botswana, Colombia, Ghana, Guatemala,
Guyana and Mauritius to investigate several key issues such as, What
are the important connections between institutions and economic
outcomes? Why do different countries have different institutions? Why
do institutions that impede development persist when they cause such
vast social and human losses? By providing explanations of the
institutional determinants of under-development, his research will
provide the basis for improved policy advice.
Ian
Roxborough
Professor
Department of Sociology
State University of New York
Stony Brook, New York
“Diagnosing New Dangers: A Sociology of Military Strategy and
Threat Assessment”
Roxborough’s project is a study of the organizational and
cultural constraints on the development of U.S. military strategy in
the aftermath of the Cold War. Based on interviews and documentary
analysis, he will examine how the various component parts of the
Department of Defense have redefined their organizational interests
since the end of the Cold War. He will look at why the process of
defining strategy has been so slow and contentious and how the
process of strategy be can be improved. Using concepts and methods
from psychology and sociology, he will provide a full account of the
complicated dynamics involved in the formulation of U.S. military
strategy. From this research, he will suggest ways to improve the
process of developing a military strategy. He will write two
books—one addressing the “who” and “what”
questions from the perspective of military strategists, e.g., Who
will be America’s enemy?; the second will address the
“how” question, examining military debates about new
weapons systems, new doctrine and new organizational arrangements to
conduct military options.
Richard Shweder
Professor of Human Development
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
“When Cultures Collide: The Multicultural Challenge in
Liberal Democracies”
Shweder, a leading anthropologist, aims to develop an account of the
scope and limits of toleration for cultural variety in the United
States. He proposes to write a book addressing several normative and
empirical aspects of the question, “How much cultural diversity
is possible within the confines of a liberal democracy such as the
United States of America?” By conducting a study of Islamic
immigrants and their families in Chicago, which has one of the
largest concentrations of Muslims in the United States, and analyzing
contemporary and historical cases where cultures have collided in
U.S. courts, Shweder will address how a liberal democracy does and
should respond to cultural differences.
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