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Corporation News
Carnegie Scholars' detailed
project descriptions and biographies.
Stephen Ansolabehere, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
"The Rise of Money in American Elections"
Exploring the increasing use of private money to finance American political campaigns, Dr. Stephen Ansolabehere, professor of political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, links the reason for the rise to the corresponding growth in American national income since the 1970s. Through case studies and extensive analysis of public disclosure data, his research will document the "supply side" of campaign finance, showing why and how national income drives the system. From there he will demonstrate how this income-driven growth has fueled the electoral advantage of incumbents, strained the public financing system for presidential campaigns and led to the rise of soft money, and produced greater inequality in political power. His supply-side analysis will carry concrete lessons for campaign finance reform.
Dr. Ansolabehere joined the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1993 and was named professor in 1998. From 1989-1993, he was assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Los Angeles. He earned a Ph.D. in political science from Harvard University in 1989 and a B.A. in political science and a B.S. in economics from the University of Minnesota in 1984.
He is the author of Going Negative: How Political Advertising Divides and Shrinks the American Electorate, written with Shanto Iyengar (The Free Press, 1996), which won the Goldsmith Book Prize; The Media Game: American Politics in the Television Age written with Roy Behr and Shanto Iyengar (Macmillan, 1993); and numerous articles and book chapters. He lives in Newton, Massachusetts.
Matthew Evangelista, Cornell University
"Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union? Lessons from the Chechen Wars"
Dr. Matthew Evangelista, professor of government at Cornell University, is studying Moscow’s recent wars with Chechnya and their implications for the future of the Russian Federation and international security. After analyzing the conflicts in terms of strategic considerations, Soviet historical and institutional legacies, and leadership personalities, Dr. Evangelista will examine four other regions considered "at risk" for separatism in the wake of the Chechen Wars: Dagestan, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and Sakhalin. Adducing the cultural and normative factors that inhibit secessionist tendencies, he will consider how the West might bolster these factors in the interest of international stability.
Dr. Evangelista earned his Ph.D. in government from Cornell University in 1986 and has been a member of the faculty there since 1996. In the interim ten years, he was affiliated with the Department of Political Science at the University of Michigan. During that time, he was also a visiting associate professor at Wellesley College in 1994 and a visiting scholar at the Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, from 1993-1995. He earned his A.B. in Russian history and literature from Harvard University in 1981, and a certificate in Russian language from the Pushkin Institute, Moscow, in 1979. His publications include Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), Innovation and the Arms Race: How the United States and the Soviet Union Develop New Military Technologies (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988; paperback, 1989), and numerous articles. He lives in Ithaca, New York.
Jay Heubert, Teachers College, Columbia University
"Promotion and Graduation Tests: How Do They Affect Student Learning and Progress and How Can Proper Test Use Be Promoted?"
Dr. Jay Heubert, a specialist in education law and policy, will undertake a two-part interdisciplinary study of "high-stakes" tests that determine promotion and graduation for students in grades K-12. The first part will analyze empirical research on how such tests affect the learning and life chances of students, particularly children of color, children with limited English proficiency, children with disabilities, and children of low socioeconomic status. Identifying areas of agreement and disagreement among scholars, his research strives to determine the evidence policymakers need to assess positive effects of high-stakes testing and to monitor unintended negative effects. The second part of his study will explore methods of ensuring that high-stakes tests are used appropriately to enhance the life chances of children, especially those whose needs are greatest.
Since 1998 Dr. Heubert, a resident of Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, has been on the faculty of Columbia University, where he serves as an associate professor of education at Teachers College and an adjunct professor of law at Columbia Law School. His previous positions include: senior program officer for the National Academy of Sciences (1998); assistant professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education (1985-98); chief counsel for the Pennsylvania Department of Education (1988-89); trial attorney in the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (1980-85); and English teacher at Wilkes Central High School in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina (1973-74).
He is a co-editor of High Stakes: Testing for Tracking, Promotion, and Graduation (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999) and editor of Law and School Reform: Six Strategies for Promoting Educational Equity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) as well as the author of numerous articles and book chapters. He holds a B.A. in psychology from Swarthmore College (1973), an M.A.T. from Duke University (1974), a J.D. from Harvard Law School (1980), and an Ed.D. from Harvard Graduate School of Education (1982).
Caroline Hoxby, Harvard University
"Ideal Vouchers, Ideal Charter School Tuition: Price Mechanisms That Solve Problems Potentially Created by School Choice"
Dr. Caroline Hoxby, Morris Kahn Associate Professor of Economics at Harvard University, will demonstrate how price mechanisms can be used to assure that choice-based school reforms, such as vouchers and charter schools, improve racial integration, opportunities for disadvantaged and disabled children, and proficiency in core subjects. Noting that researchers to date have contributed little systematic thought about per-pupil payments, voucher size, or revenue transfer, Dr. Hoxby believes this lack of focus has caused policymakers to overlook the opportunities price mechanisms create to achieve the benefits of choice without aggravating collateral concerns. Using examples of price mechanisms and substantial empirical evidence to support the setting of plausible prices, the study will give urban school reformers a sense of the price mechanisms they can use to build programs that achieve social goals.
Dr. Caroline Hoxby has been a member of the economics department at Harvard University, as well as a faculty research fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research, since 1994 when she earned her Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She holds a B.A. in economics from Harvard University (1988) and an M.Phil. in economics from Oxford University (1990), where she was a Rhodes scholar. She has published numerous articles and received many prestigious grants and academic awards for her research. Dr. Hoxby lives in Westborough, Massachusetts.
Richard Jolly, City University of New York
"Widening Global Income Gaps: Causes, Remedies and Policy Proposals"
Dr. Richard Jolly, a development economist, will study the rapid increase in global inequality during the last 40 years, when the difference in per capita income between the world’s richest and poorest countries rose from 30 to 1 in 1960 to 74 to 1 today. After analyzing reports of the forces that account for this widening gap, Dr. Jolly will conduct a quantitative assessment of the long-term trends and relative importance of the different forces. Finally, he will review policy measures that might stem the widening of income gaps and, over time, begin to narrow them.
Dr. Jolly is currently special adviser to the administrator of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), a position he will hold until July 1, 2000, when he will become co-director of the United Nations Intellectual History Project at the City University of New York Graduate Center. While at UNDP, he served as architect of the widely acclaimed Human Development Report. His previous experience includes 14 years as deputy executive director at the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Before his work with the United Nations, Dr. Jolly was for nine years director of the Institute of Development Studies and professorial fellow at the University of Sussex in England.
Publications that he has written or edited include: Development with a Human Face (1998); Adjustment with a Human Face (1987); The Bretton Woods Institutions and the United Nations; Challenges for the 21st Century (1995); Disarmament and World Development (1984); and Planning Education for African Development (1969).
Dr. Jolly graduated with first class honors in economics from the University of Cambridge in 1956 and subsequently gained his doctorate from Yale University. He currently lives in New York City.
Richard Langhorne, Rutgers University
"New Emissaries and No Emissaries: The Representation of New Voices in Global Politics"
Richard Langhorne, professor and director of the Center for Global Change and Governance and a member of the political science faculty at Rutgers University, will study the progress and lack of progress in the construction of a global system for controlling violence and promoting peaceful development. Professor Langhorne notes that in today’s international relations arena governments and associations of governments¬for example, the United Nations or the International Monetary Fund¬have been joined by powerful financial markets and by private humanitarian, human rights, and environmental organizations. His research will investigate how far these non-state entities have developed representative capacity, what the structure of this capacity looks like, and what the consequences have been in cases where they have failed to develop such capacity. In addition to describing the current situation, his resulting book will provide a normative guide to practice in a fast-moving area of global activity.
Professor Langhorne is the author of several articles and books on the mechanisms by which global relations are conducted. His latest book, The Coming of Globalization: Its Evolution and Contemporary Consequences, will be published in 2000 by Macmillans and St. Martin’s Press. He is editor, with E.D. Goldstein, and contributor to Guide to Diplomacy and International Relations, to be published by Cassell in September 2000.
Currently a resident of Maplewood, New Jersey, Professor Langhorne was born in Exeter, U.K., and educated at St. Edward’s School, Oxford, and at St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he was a fellow from 1975-93. From 1993-96, he served as director and chief executive of Wilton Park, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
Beverly Mack, University of Kansas
"Pre-Eighteenth Century Muslim Women’s Scholarship and Social Activism in
West and North Africa"
Dr. Beverly Mack, associate professor of African and African-American Studies at the University of Kansas, will conduct archival research to demonstrate a continuous line of Muslim women’s scholarship in sub-Saharan and North Africa dating back three centuries or more. By discovering and disseminating primary source materials showing that Muslim women’s scholarly work and social activism are integral to Islam, Dr. Mack hopes to correct the Western misperception that Muslim women are not active in their cultures. Historical proof of Muslim women’s continuous involvement in scholarly networks and social development activities will provide a culturally relevant basis for supporting and promoting contemporary women’s education and political and social activism. Dr. Mack plans to publish a narrative analysis of selected examples of Muslim women’s scholarship over a broad historical period, with an appendix of all manuscripts identified for the project.
Dr. Mack is an accomplished translator and language pedagogy expert in African Studies. Her most recent book, One Woman’s Jihad: Nana Asma’u, Scholar and Scribe, with Jean Boyd (Indiana University Press, 2000), is the latest of her many books and articles, published in the United States and in Nigeria, that highlight the intellectual and literary contributions of Muslim women in African societies.
Dr. Mack earned her Ph.D. in African languages and literature and her M.A. in African literature from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Her B.A. in English/anthropology is from the University of Connecticut. A member of the University of Kansas faculty since 1993, she has also taught at George Mason University, Yale University, Georgetown University, and Bayero University in Kano, Nigeria.
Steven Rosefielde, University of North Carolina
"Forgotten Superpower: The Economic Case for Arms Control in the Russian Federation"
Dr. Steven Rosefielde, professor of economics at the University of North Carolina, will develop the case for deterring a new Russian arms spiral in three steps that 1) identify Russia’s militaryŒeconomic potential, 2) bolster the Kremlin’s confidence in the feasibility of transitioning to the West’s militaryŒeconomic paradigm, and 3) sensitize Moscow to the magnitude of the security challenge posed by the changing configuration of global wealth and power. Marshalling economic theory and empirical evidence, Dr. Rosefielde plans to illuminate why rearmament along Soviet lines in the economically driven future security environment will prove counterproductive to Russia and threatening to world peace. The goal is to persuade the Russian security establishment that modernizing its defense programs along Western lines and downsizing provide the best strategy for domestic security and long-term prosperity.
Dr. Rosefielde has been a member of the University of North Carolina’s faculty since 1970. Named to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences in 1997, he has for many years been working with members of the Russian defense establishment to discover the principles governing Russia’s new economic system, its application to the military industrial sector, and ways of applying this knowledge to promoting disarmament. His recent book, Efficiency and the Economic Recovery Potential of Russia (Ashgate, 1998), is the latest of many publications on Soviet and Russian economics. He holds an M.A. (1969) and Ph.D. (1972) in economics, as well as an A.M. in Soviet regional studies (1967), from Harvard University. His B.A. in history and philosophy was granted by Ohio Wesleyan University in 1964. Dr. Rosefielde lives in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Michael Sandel, Harvard University
"What Money Can Buy: Markets, Morals, and Civic Life"
Dr. Michael Sandel, Harvard College professor and professor of government at Harvard University, is exploring the consequences for democracy of one of the most powerful tendencies of our time: the marketization of public life. His book will examine the extension of markets into spheres of life once thought to lie beyond their reach: the advent of for-profit prisons, hospitals, and schools; the growth of private security forces over public police forces; the proliferation of gated communities; the reach of commercial advertising into public schools; the commercialization of public space; the blurred boundaries, within journalism, between news and advertising; and the buying and selling of elections. Dr. Sandel’s research aims to analyze the moral limits of markets, to explore the way market forces increasingly crowd out the public spaces that nurture civic practices and ideas, and to shed light on the implications for democracy of the growing gap between rich and poor. He will argue that the trend toward commodification, commercialization, and privatization aggravates the growing gap between rich and poor and erodes the civic goods on which democracy depends.
Dr. Sandel has been on the faculty of the Department of Government at Harvard since 1980. He earned his D.Phil. in 1981 from the University of Oxford (Balliol College), where he was a Rhodes scholar, and his A.B. and M.A. in 1975 from Brandeis University. Among his many books and articles on democracy and liberalism are Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1996) and Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge University Press, 1982, 2d. ed. 1998), which has been translated into six languages. Dr. Sandel is a resident of Brookline, Massachusetts.
Ian Shapiro, Yale University
"Democracy and Distribution in the United States"
Dr. Ian Shapiro, professor of political science and chairman of the Department of Political Science at Yale University, explores why the American political system does not redistribute more income and wealth to the bottom quintile of the population and how this situation might be changed. He examines the problem from both the demand side, asking why there is not more pressure for redistributive policies that would benefit those at or near the bottom, and the supply side, asking why politicians and political elites do not try to put more redistributive policies on the table. His investigation will lead to an evaluation of different policy initiatives that might make American democracy more responsive to the interests of the poor and the near-poor. With Dr. Adam Przeworski, he organized a conference on the subject of "Democracy and Distribution" at Yale in November 1999.
Dr. Shapiro was born in South Africa and earned a B.Sc. in philosophy and politics from Bristol University, U.K., in 1978. He holds an M.Phil. (1980) and Ph.D. (1983) in political science from Yale University as well as a J.D. from Yale Law School (1987). Books written by Dr. Shapiro include Democratic Justice (Yale University Press, 1999); Democracy’s Place (Cornell University Press, 1996); and Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science, with Donald Green (Yale University Press, 1994, reprinted 1995, 1996). He is a resident of Guilford, Connecticut.
Dorothy Shipps, Teachers College, Columbia University
"School Reform, Corporate Style: The Nexus of Politics, Business and Education
Change in Twentieth Century Chicago"
Through her case study of Chicago’s schools, Dr. Dorothy Shipps, assistant professor of education at Teachers College, Columbia University, will integrate two approaches to analyze the chronic problem of failing urban schools. The first perspective views urban school reform as a long, steady process of improving our empirical knowledge about the changes needed in schools to meet the special needs of disadvantaged children. The other places urban schooling in big-city politics and focuses on the civic capacity necessary to generate and sustain change. Dr. Shipps’s integration of the two approaches uncovers the value dilemmas inherent in "fixing" urban schools and highlights the role of corporations in Chicago’s long-running improvement efforts. Because of Chicago’s high visibility and historical salience, her project promises to influence how urban school reformers view their own plans and strategies and possibly help erode the wall between educators and their civic partners in reform.
Dr. Shipps earned her Ph.D. from Stanford University’s School of Education in 1995 and was appointed assistant professor at Teachers College in January 1999. She completed her M.A. in Asian studies at the University of California, Berkeley in 1976 and her B.A. in political science at the University of California, Davis, in 1973. She has published numerous articles on urban school reform, focusing on corporate involvement and the Chicago schools. Dr. Shipps currently resides in New York City.
Kathleen Vogel, Cornell University
"A Plague Upon the Nations? Proliferation Concerns from the Former
Soviet Bioweapons Complex"
Dr. Kathleen Vogel, a postdoctoral associate in the Peace Studies Program at Cornell University, will examine the unique proliferation concerns remaining from the former Soviet biological weapons complex using as case studies the State Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology ("Vector") in Koltsovo, Russia, and Biomedpreparat in Stepnogorsk, Kazakhstan. Through on-site interviews with officials and scientists in these two places, she will identify current economic difficulties faced by these facilities and their obstacles or challenges to conversion or redirection to peaceful activities. She will also gauge on-the-ground implementation of current U.S. and international initiatives intended to mitigate the proliferation threat. Her evaluation of the issues will take place in light of current diplomatic relations between the United States and Russia and the United States and Kazakhstan.
Dr. Vogel earned her Ph.D. in chemistry from Princeton University in 1998 and received science policy training at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton. Her B.A. in chemistry, biology, and Spanish was granted by Drury College in Springfield, Missouri, in 1993. Before joining the Peace Studies Program at Cornell in 1999, she spent a year as a postdoctoral fellow with the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Project at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute for International Studies in Monterey, California. She currently resides in Ithaca, New York.
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