Carnegie Corporation Annual Reports

Preventing Deadly Conflict

In the post–Cold War world, ethnic, nationalist, and religious enmities, both within and between states, pose a grave threat to global security. They also present new and formidable challenges to govern-ments and multilateral organizations often charged with resolving them. The dangers are heightened in situations where the hatreds and fears of groups are exploited in violent ways by political opportunists or where pos-session of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons has the potential for menacing the lives of millions.

Under its program, Preventing Deadly Conflict, the Corporation has supported independent research and discussion among scholars, policymakers, and informed members of the public to examine major interstate and intrastate conflicts and to advance ideas for their prevention or enduring resolution. This work has been carried out under the subprogram, preventing mass intergroup violence, in close cooperation with the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict. Fundamental questions include the origins of conflicts, the conditions that deter or encourage their deadly outbreak, the conflicts that are most likely to escalate into violence and lawlessness, and the func-tional requirements for an effective system of preven-tion. Funded projects have included research on ways to reconcile tensions between group rights and indi-vidual rights, analyses of the media’s role in reporting responsibly on conflicts and helping to defuse them, and efforts to inform those living in conflict-prone areas about the concepts, techniques, and institutions of conflict resolution.

The Corporation has also examined ways of strengthening democratic institutions in the former Soviet Union and Eastern and Central Europe, where ethnic and nationalist conflicts pose especially omi-nous threats to international stability. Support has been given for efforts to build elements of a civil society in the Soviet successor states and to increase the effec-tiveness of Western responses to the threat of disinte-gration or destabilization in the new states.

In the subprogram on cooperative security and nonproliferation, the Corporation has supported policy research and the interaction of scholars and policy-makers toward developing a strong international secu-rity strategy based on principles of cooperation rather than competition, integration rather than isolation, and transparency rather than secrecy. Primary emphasis has been placed on encouraging more robust efforts by the United States, Russia, and other nations to curb the spread of advanced weaponry and weapons technolo-gies that threaten to raise the stakes dangerously in regional or intrastate conflicts.

The successor program, International Peace and Security, will continue to stress arms control and the prevention of proliferation of weapons of mass destruc-tion. A new initiative will seek to heighten the awareness of policymakers on a range of arms control challenges in South and East Asia. The program will also address the need to assist major influential groups within Russia in promoting democratic reforms and in providing career opportunities for members of the intelligentsia, particularly in the humanities and social sciences. The Corporation will support discrete projects following up recommendations of the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict. Finally, there will be a cross-program initiative on higher education in Russia and other post-Soviet states.

Carnegie Corporation of New York, New York, NY. Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict. Appropriation administered by the officers of the Corporation (final). Three years, $5,480,000.

To address current and looming threats to international peace posed by intergroup violence and to advance new ideas toward the prevention and resolution of deadly strife, the Corporation in 1994 established the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict. Corporation president emeritus David A. Hamburg and former U.S. secretary of state Cyrus R. Vance are cochairs; political scientist Jane E. Holl is executive director. The commission members — sixteen international scholars and policy practitioners — have met quarterly over three years, pursuing several main avenues of inquiry: first, to analyze the character of deadly conflicts of the 1990s, both between and, more commonly, within states; second, to identify the roles that international institutions, regional organizations, individual states, and ad hoc coalitions can play in preventing mass violence; and finally, to consider what blend of political, military, economic, social, and other tools are, or should be, at the disposal of the international community. Thus far, the commission's staff, based in Washington, D.C., has overseen publication of seven academic books and over twenty technical reports. The final report, Preventing Deadly Conflict, was released to the public in 1997. As part of an extensive two-year outreach program, individual commissioners are delivering the report to their respective parliaments and making presentations to the editorial boards of major international newspapers and at international conferences.

David C. Speedie, Program Chair. (www.ccpdc.org)

National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Study of conflict resolution in international relations (final). One year, $175,000.

Scholars working under the auspices of the National Research Council, the operating arm of the National Academy of Sciences, are concluding their assessment of a broad range of traditional and nontraditional techniques for preventing and resolving conflict. The techniques include economic sanctions, leverage, deterrence, coercive diplomacy, and interactive problem solving. The researchers are also examining the effects of structural approaches, such as new electoral systems and attempts to balance justice and reconciliation. A book to be published in 1999 will identify effective strategies in international conflict resolution and draw conclusions about recent efforts in this area.

Paul C. Stern, Principal Staff Officer, National Research Council. (www.nas.edu)

Conflict Management Group, Cambridge, MA. Project on managing ethnic conflict in the former Soviet Union. One year, $300,000.

Conflict Management Group offers governments and nongovernmental groups training and consultation in negotiation and conflict resolution. Its Project on Ethnic Conflict Management in the Former Soviet Union has two components. One is the electronic Network on Ethnological Monitoring and Early Warning of Conflict, which links twenty-eight regular users in the successor states; the other is a program in the Caucasus that brings together regional political and ethnic leaders to discuss the relationship between central and regional governments in the area. Further support comes from numerous private and public organizations.

Arthur Martirosyan, Project Manager and Consultant. (www.cmgonline.org)

Carter Center, Atlanta, GA. Conflict Resolution Program (final). Two years, $600,000.

Most of the organizations attempting to resolve conflict are engaged in training, research, or advocacy. In contrast, the Carter Center's Conflict Resolution Program functions at the head-of-state level, serving as a precursor or alternative to official diplomacy. The program and its International Negotiation Network, an informal group of eminent persons, respond to requests for analysis, advice, and third-party mediation. Current activities include efforts to stabilize peace in Liberia and monitor the political transition in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Among the program's publications are a compendium of organizations working in conflict resolution and the annual State of World Conflict Report. This final grant is joined by support from other foundations and the U.S. Agency for International Development.

Harry J. Barnes, Program Director, Conflict Resolution Program. (www.cartercenter.org)

Internews Network, Arcata, CA. Project on the use of television to promote conflict resolution in the Caucasus. One year, $100,000.

Internews Network supports independent media in the former Soviet Union. Under a new project, Internews is linking persons from opposing sides in the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in the southern Caucasus. Armenians and Azeris are jointly producing television programs that feature refugees, doctors, displaced families, and others, who share their experiences and thoughts on the war's causes and consequences. Programs based on the conversations will be broadcast on the Internews network of independent television stations in the Caucasus. Additional funders include other foundations, the United States government, and the European Union.

David Hoffman, President.

United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva, Switzerland. War-Torn Societies Project. One year, $150,000.

The War-Torn Societies Project, operated by the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, helps governmental and nongovernmental organizations respond to the needs of societies recovering from violent internal strife. Through case studies of Eritrea, Guatemala, Mozambique, and Somalia, national teams have analyzed the perspectives and progress of donors engaged in reconstruction. Two research projects have been completed: an analysis of the ways in which postconflict initiatives can benefit from women's experiences and capabilities, and an assessment of the effects of macroeconomic and external assistance policies on certain groups and sectors. Further support comes from United Nations agencies and the Canadian and U.S. governments. Matthias Stiefel, Project Director, War-Torn Societies Project. (www.unrisd.org/wsp) International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, United Kingdom. Projects on peacekeeping, enforcement, and conflict resolution (final). One year, $150,000. With further support from the British Ministry of Defense, the International Institute for Strategic Studies is analyzing the debate in Russia over military reform and assessing the prospects for adopting new policies. Two approaches are being studied — a minimal change in the size and configuration of the armed forces and an immediate downsizing — as well as options between these extremes. The institute is also examining changing patterns and targets of terrorist activity worldwide, including the systematic targeting of communications networks, electric power transmission systems, and other components of the technological infrastructure.

Terence Taylor, Assistant Director.

Partners for Democratic Change, San Francisco, CA. Project to develop ethnic conciliation commissions in Central and Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. Two years, $100,000.

Partners for Democratic Change pursues grassroots solutions to ethnic, national minority, and religious conflicts in Central and Eastern Europe. In 1996 it created two types of structures in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia to promote the airing of grievances and disputes. Ethnic conciliation commissions, modeled after human rights commissions, handle minorityÖmajority disputes, while social interest conciliation networks address broad issues such as police brutality and discrimination in housing and employment. Partners is setting up commissions and networks in Romania and Georgia while helping its existing structures become independent. The Charles Stewart Mott Foundation also provides funding.

Raymond Shonholtz, President. (www.partners-intl.org)

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC. Center for Russian and Eurasian programs in Moscow. One year, $300,000.

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace's Moscow Center offers a forum for Russian scholars and policymakers and their Western counterparts to debate Russian policy issues. The focus is on seven areas: domestic politics and political institutions, post-Soviet economies, ethnicity and nation-building, migration and refugees, nuclear nonproliferation, foreign and security policy, and U.S.ÖRussian relations. The core activity in each program is a seminar series for Moscow-based analysts, decision makers, and journalists. The center, which is also supported by other foundations, is expanding its activities beyond Moscow. The endowment's long-term goal is to establish a permanent institution in the region that will maintain the center's bilateral character and that will be funded in part by local donors.

Arnold Horelick, Vice President for Russian and Eurasian Affairs. (www.ceip.org)

International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies (Gorbachev Foundation), Moscow, Russia. Research project on Russia in the emerging global system (final). Two years, $200,000.

The Moscow-based International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies, known as the Gorbachev Foundation, conducts research and training on Russian domestic politics and foreign policy. In a new project, foundation scholars are drawing on statistical and survey data, roundtable discussions, and content analyses of scholarly and mass media materials to study issues of Russian national identity and self-determination. They are addressing economic reform and development, social and environmental problems, and Russia's geopolitical identity and alliances. Findings will be incorporated in monographs and a final report for Russian, U.S., and European policymakers, scholars, and journalists.

Georgy Shakhnazarov, Director, Centre for Global Problems Studies.

Foundation for a Civil Society, New York, NY. Project on conflict prevention in states building a civil and democratic society. One year, $50,000.

The Foundation for a Civil Society promotes democracy in societies emerging from political or social struggle. Its Project on Justice in Times of Transition brings governmental and nongovernmental leaders of countries moving from civil conflict to peace together with their counterparts from countries that have undergone similar changes. Project members have held conferences for leaders from Eastern and Central Europe, South Africa, and Northern Ireland and are continuing to conduct programs on reconciliation for Bosnia. Support also comes from other foundations, the Open Society Institute, and the National Endowment for Democracy.

Sara Zucker, Program Director.

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. Study of conflict prevention successes and failures (final). One year, $74,000.

The aim of the Conflict Early Warning Systems Research Program, based at the University of Southern California, is to improve international contributions to conflict prevention. Since 1995 research teams have been examining the extent to which different interventionist strategies help prevent deadly conflict. Their resulting book, scheduled for completion in 1999, will present case studies of successes and failures and address the development and use of information systems for prevention efforts. Findings from the book will also be disseminated on a new World Wide Web site and at two international conferences.

Hayward R. Alker, John A. McCone Professor of International Relations, School of International Relations.

Brown University, Providence, RI. Research project on relations among Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, and Kazakhstan (final). Two years, $200,000.

Researchers at the Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies at Brown University are completing a study on challenges to regional security in the former Soviet Union. The researchers, who work with scholars and experts in the region, have identified seven factors that may influence the likelihood of violent disintegration of the post-Soviet states. They are now testing these factors by analyzing three paired cases of violent and nonviolent outcomes in Abkhazia and Ajaria within Georgia; Transdniestria in Moldova and Crimea in Ukraine; and Chechnya and Tatarstan in the Russian Federation. Conclusions will be shared with policymakers at a conference and through a series of research papers, a final report, and a book.

P. Terrence Hopmann, Research Director, Program on Global Security, Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies.

Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Washington, DC. Project on Central Asia in the postÖCold War era (final). One year, $150,000.

Since 1994 the Center for Political and Strategic Studies, formerly the Center for Post-Soviet Studies, has been gathering information on the sources of stability and instability in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The center's network of Central Asian, Russian, and U.S. scholars, policy analysts, and political leaders is now exploring the nature and scope of Islam in Central Asia. In addition to studying elements of Islam in contemporary political, legal, and military systems, members of the network are evaluating the influence of neighboring Islamic countries on nationalist movements in the Central Asian states. Project staff members are presenting their findings at a 1999 seminar in Washington, D.C., and in a book, scheduled for completion in 1999.

Roald Z. Sagdeev, Senior Associate. (www.cpss.org)

Council on Foreign Relations, New York, NY. Center for Preventive Action (final). One year, $300,000.

The Council on Foreign Relations' Center for Preventive Action was founded in 1994 to increase the possibility of resolving interstate and intrastate conflicts before they escalate to violence. The center's efforts are directed at a broad range of situations, including clearly defined violent conflicts, conflicts in danger of escalation, and post-conflict reconstruction and consolidation. Working groups of council members and other experts have conducted case studies in Burundi, Nigeria, the South Balkans, and the Fergana Valley in Central Asia and have produced a Preventive Action Report for each region of inquiry. Members are synthesizing the center's research for presentation in a book on conflict prevention. The United States Institute of Peace and other foundations also provide support.

Barnett R. Rubin, Director, Center for Preventive Action. (www.foreignrelations.org)

University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Project on conflict resolution in the Caucasus and Central Asia (final). One year, $100,000.

In 1995 the Center for International Development and Conflict Management at the University of Maryland launched its Partners in Conflict project. Eight scholars from three areas of armed conflict in the Caucasus — Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Nagorno-Karabakh; Georgia and Abkhazia; and Georgia and South Ossetia — were recruited for a training program in democracy, conflict resolution, and human rights. After returning to their home countries, the partners set up their own centers for conflict management and training, coauthoring a book in Russian and English on the conflicts in the region and developing conflict prevention reference libraries. The university provides additional funding and in-kind support.

Barri Sanders, Associate, Center for International Development and Conflict Management.

International Peace Academy, New York, NY. Research on postconflict peacebuilding. Two years, $200,000.

The International Peace Academy develops strategies and mechanisms for long-term peacebuilding linked to local efforts and circumstances. Researchers at the academy are now conducting studies in Afghanistan, Palestine, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, and Bosnia, where international efforts to build peace have been ineffective. Literature reviews and interviews with participants in and victims of conflict are aimed at determining the institutional, economic, social, and cultural roots of violence in each case. Findings will be shared with journalists, international policymakers, and analysts through briefing papers, policy forums, and a book. Support is also provided by other foundations and the United States Institute of Peace.

Elizabeth Cousens, Associate. (www.ipacademy.org)

Aspen Institute, Washington, DC. Support

of the international activities of the Congressional Program. One year, $750,000. The Aspen Institute's Congressional Program organizes bipartisan conferences and smaller meetings for congressional leaders on U.S. relations with the Soviet successor states and the new democracies of Eastern Europe. It also holds conferences for members of Congress and the Russian Duma. The aims of the conferences are to help American policymakers understand the importance of continuing a deeper engagement with their Russian counterparts and to foster a collegial dialogue on critical policy issues among the factions in the Duma. More than one hundred and twenty members of Congress have attended the twenty-three major conferences and thirty-six interim meetings held to date.

Dick Clark, Director, Congressional Program. (www. aspeninst.org)

Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Programs with Russian military personnel and policymakers on foreign and security policies. One year, $580,000.

Three programs organized by Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government promote dialogue between Russian and U.S. officials. The program for general officers of the Russian Federation brings Russian and U.S. generals together for the exchange of ideas on defense, national security, and foreign policy. The Duma executive program invites Russian parliamentarians to Harvard to study the role and function of the U.S. Congress and address the economic and security issues they face. A third program, held in Moscow, offers joint seminars for Duma staff members and U.S. faculty on constitutional issues and congressional procedures. The programs are also funded by the U.S. Department of Defense, the Russian Defense Ministry, and the Russian State Duma.

Robert D. Blackwill, Belfer Lecturer in International Security, John F. Kennedy School of Government.

International Research and Exchanges Board, Washington, DC. Support. One year, $500,000.

The International Research and Exchanges Board (irex) was established in 1968 to promote scholarly exchange and joint research between the United States and the Soviet bloc countries. In the postÖCold War era, irex offers programs designed to rebuild the scholarly infrastructure of the successor states and the nations of Eastern and Central Europe and strengthen American specialists' knowledge of the region. irex, also supported by federal agencies and other foundations, maintains a network of seventeen field offices. In addition to designing new academic curricula, expanding its field research programs, and broadening access to the Internet, irex is supporting Centers for Corporate and Cultural Development in Russia.

Daniel C. Matuszewski, President. (www.irex.org)

New York University, New York, NY. Media assistance program in the Russian Federation (final). One year, $250,000.

In 1992 New York University's Center for War, Peace, and the News Media and the Moscow-based Institute for USA and Canada Studies created the RussianÖAmerican Press and Information Center (rapic). Through briefings, seminars, publications, and training organized by its six regional offices in Russia, rapic helps journalists cover elections, market economics, and ethnic conflicts. In 1997 it became an independent Russian nongovernmental organization, the National Press Institute. Additional funding for the institute comes from other U.S. foundations and the Agency for International Development.

Robert Karl Manoff, Director, Center for War, Peace, and the News Media.

Duke University, Durham, NC. Media fellows program (final). One year, $100,000.

The DeWitt Wallace Center for Communications and Journalism at Duke University offers professional development programs for broadcast journalists and media policymakers in the United States and throughout the world. Participants in the center's international media fellows program attend seminars at the university on topics including the rights, ethics, and responsibilities of news media in democratic societies. They also receive training in recent media technologies and meet with news executives, editors, producers, and reporters from broadcast affiliates. The program, which operates in coordination with the Commission on Radio and Television Policy, a joint project of the university's center and the Carter Center in Atlanta, receives additional funding from public and private sources.

Ellen Mickiewicz, Director, DeWitt Wallace Center for Communications and Journalism.

Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, New York, NY. Support. Two years, $100,000.

The Lawyers Committee for Human Rights was founded in 1978 to protect human rights inter-nationally. Beyond promoting the integration of human rights concerns in the programs of the UN and the World Bank, staff members write articles for journals and major newspapers and testify on request before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations. Since 1987 the committee has worked with lawyers, human rights advocates, and nongovernmental organizations in the former Soviet Union to foster compliance with international human rights agreements. More recently it has attempted to strengthen the ad hoc international tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia and has worked with the UN to create a permanent international criminal court.

Jelena Pejic, Senior Europe Program Coordinator. (www.lchr.org)

Human Rights Watch, New York, NY. Human rights monitoring by its Moscow office. Two years, $100,000.

Human Rights Watch is the founder and the U.S. member organization of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights. Its Moscow office, also supported by the John Merck Fund and the Moriah Fund, reports on and responds to violations of civil and political rights in Russia and other Soviet successor states. Moscow staff members serve as a resource for the local media, human rights groups, and the diplomatic community and maintain a network of lawyers and journalists who monitor the practices of the Russian courts. They are now investigating and documenting illegal deportation, torture by police, trafficking of women, and orphanages' neglect and abuse of children with disabilities.

Holly Cartner, Executive Director, Europe and Central Asia Division. (www.hrw.org)

University of Georgia Research Foundation, Athens, GA. Project on evaluating national export controls. One year, $100,000.

The University of Georgia's Center for International Trade and Security has created a questionnaire to assess individual countries' nonproliferation and export control practices. The questionnaire focuses on such areas as the licensing of sensitive exports, training programs for export control personnel, penalties for violating export laws, and verification measures for ensuring that transactions are legal. Resulting national ratings enable a country's export control system to be evaluated against an ideal system, against another country, and over time. Analyses of China, Taiwan, Japan, India, and Cuba will result in the publication of policy papers for governments and intergovernmental agencies and a final report. Other foundations also support the project.

Gary K. Bertsch, Director, Center for International Trade and Security, University of Georgia.

National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

Support of activities of the Committee on International Security and Arms Control with China. One year, $100,000. The Committee on International Security and Arms Control of the National Academy of Sciences brings together scientific and technical specialists in the United States and elsewhere to work toward common solutions of security and defense problems. Annual bilateral meetings and seminars between committee members and their counterparts in China are focusing on the threat of missile proliferation in Asia, the reduction and possible elimination of nuclear weapons, and the effects of nuclear energy policy on international security. The committee receives additional funding from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

Inta Brikovskis, Staff Director, Committee on International Security and Arms Control. (www. nas.edu)

Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, DC. Support. Two years, $600,000.

This grant joins funding from the Ford and W. Alton Jones foundations to support two projects of the Henry L. Stimson Center. In one undertaking, staff members are working to create a verification protocol for the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention and resolve problems in implementing the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention. In a second project, the center is promoting the use of confidence-building measures — tools such as direct communication between potential combatants and the provision of advance notice of military exercises — to defuse tensions in South Asia. It is holding workshops for military officers, government officials, scholars, and journalists, and issuing a new edition of its handbook analyzing confidence-building measures' strengths and weaknesses.

Michael Krepon, President. (www.stimson.org)

Institute for EastWest Studies, New York, NY. Project on subregional security and cooperation (final). One year, $250,000.

Several subregional organizations in Eastern and Central Europe were founded in the early 1990s to promote economic and social cooperation. In 1996 the Institute for EastWest Studies began a three-part project to determine the potential of these organizations for enhancing European security. The institute first examined the role of subregional groups and the relationships between these and larger European institutions. Through a series of workshops and seminars, it also explored options for promoting regional cooperation among organizations on Europe's periphery as well as this area's closer integration with Europe. In the final phase, the institute members are analyzing ways to improve subregional cooperation, developing a World Wide Web site, and producing three books on the project.

Dag Hartelius, Vice President, European Security. (www.iews.org)

Aspen Institute, Washington, DC. Aspen Strategy Group. One year, $150,000.

The Aspen Strategy Group, a standing committee of the Aspen Institute, was established in 1984 to promote constructive discussion of issues affecting U.S. foreign and defense policy. The bipartisan group consists of approximately thirty leaders from research institutes and universities, Congress and the executive branch, business, religious organizations, and the media. Rotating members convene workshops and conferences that result in books, articles, and monographs written for policymakers and the general public. A conference in August 1998, one of fifty-five held in the last thirteen years, focused on U.S. interests in East Asia in the wake of the region's financial crisis. The group is also supported by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the Center for Global Partnership.

Mary McKinley, Program Coordinator, Aspen Strategy Group. (www.aspeninst.org)

University of Maryland Foundation, College Park, MD. Women in International Security program (final). One year, $100,000. Institutional development of the Women in International Security program. Two years, $100,000.

Women in International Security (wiis) is a membership organization dedicated to strengthening opportunities for women working in international security and related fields. It has created a network of women professionals around the world and organized seminars, workshops, and publications to support women at critical points in their careers. Beyond continuing its international outreach efforts and programs for midcareer women, wiis is expanding its programs for senior women and for those in graduate school. Additional funding comes from corporations and other foundations.

Peggy Knudson, Executive Director, Women in International Security, Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland School of Public Affairs.

Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, DC. Project on foreign policy discussions for congressional staff. Three years, $100,000.

The Council on Foreign Relations recently launched a three-year project entitled Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy. Its major goals are to help congressional staff better understand current international affairs and to help develop the next generation of foreign policy leaders. Representatives from Congress, the council, and nongovernmental organizations participate in roundtable and study groups on Asia, trade, and security. Debates, programs for senators and representatives, and one-time events are also being held to broaden participation in the program. Papers published by the council are used as a basis for discussion. Additional support comes from other foundations and from United Technologies.

Alton Frye, Senior Vice President and Senior Fellow. (www.foreignrelations.org)

Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Research and writing on international security by William J. Perry and Ashton B. Carter. One year, $172,000, $175,000, respectively.

The Preventive Defense Project is a joint venture of Stanford and Harvard universities codirected by William J. Perry, former secretary of defense, and Ashton B. Carter, former assistant secretary of defense for international security policy. Through regular consultations, particularly in regions of transition, the project draws military leaders into durable and mutually beneficial cooperative security relationships. Five issues are being explored: an integrated security order for Eurasia, Russia's need to conceive a security identity, relations between the United States and a rising China, biological and chemical weapons proliferation, and large-scale terrorism.

William J. Perry, Michael and Barbara Berberian Professor, Department of Engineering-Economic Systems/Operations, Center for International Security and Arms Control, Stanford University.
Ashton B. Carter, Ford Foundation Professor of Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

Carnegie Corporation of New York, New York, NY. Research and an edited volume on McGeorge Bundy's role in policymaking on the Vietnam War. Eight months, $60,000.

At the time of his death in 1996, Corporation scholar-in-residence McGeorge Bundy was writing a book on his role, as national security advisor to Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, in formulating policy on Vietnam. Gordon Goldstein, Bundy's collaborator in the project, is drawing on the public record of Bundy's writings and on unpublished materials to complete an edited volume that will come as close as possible to the volume Bundy envisaged. The materials will be reviewed by members of Bundy's family and by experts selected in consultation with Yale University Press, which will publish the book.

David C. Speedie, Program Chair. (www.carnegie.org)

Discretionary Grants

Center for Civil Society International, Seattle, WA
Toward a project on civil society in Central Asia, $25,000

Center for Defense Information, Washington, DC
Toward initiation of a weekly electronic news service on contemporary Russia, $25,000

Coalition for International Justice, Washington, DC
Toward support, $25,000

Donetsk Scientific-Applied Association Psychological Center, Donetsk, Ukraine
Toward support of conflict resolution in Ukraine and development of a network of conflict resolution organizations and practitioners, $25,000

Fund for Peace, Washington, DC
Toward the transfer of access's programs to outside institutions, $20,000

Institute for Science and International Security, Washington, DC
Toward a collaborative project on the Iraqi nuclear weapons program, $20,000

Institute of USA and Canada Studies, Moscow, Russia
For a research project on U.S.ÖRussian relations, $25,000

John Jay College of Criminal Justice of the City University of New York, New York, NY
For a workshop on humanitarian controls in civil conflicts, $5,000

Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, New York, NY
Toward fair trial monitoring in the former Yugoslavia, $15,000

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
Toward research and writing on nuclear deterrence and U.S.ÖRussian relations, $15,000

National Peace Institute Foundation, Washington, DC
Toward a network of women civic and professional leaders in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, $25,000

New York University, New York, NY
For a project of the Center for the Study of International Organizations on strengthening international enforcement capabilities, $24,700

Search for Common Ground, Washington, DC
For strengthening its fund-raising capacity, $25,000

Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
For research on the South African nuclear weapons program, $9,000

United Nations Association of the United States of America, New York, NY Toward a project on the United Nations and U.S. national interests, $25,000