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About Carnegie Corporation
Carnegie
Corporation Annual Reports
Strengthening
Human Resouces in Developing Countries
The
Corporation's program, Strengthening Human Resources in Developing
Countries, has sought to enhance capacity within selected countries
for sustaining social and economic development in the context of
transitions to democratic governance. Grants have been concentrated
in Commonwealth African countries, with limited activities in the
Commonwealth Caribbean.
Three
interlocking strategies have been pursued: expansion of indigenous
scientific and technical capabilities to manage development challenges;
improvement in women's health, education, and legal status; and
furtherance of democratic processes.
Under
science and technology for development, grants have been made to
link science and technology policies with economic policies and
to share knowledge and innovations among scientists and policymakers,
mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to fostering intersectoral
and interdisciplinary networks, the Corporation has funded the establishment
of computer-based information and networking systems at universities
and scientific institutions. Support has also been given for empirical
analyses in selected African countries, aimed at increasing the
effectiveness of these nations' health policies.
The
subprogram women's health and development has built on the successful
experiences of a West African operations research network on maternal
mortality. The results of this project have led to the recognition
that sustained improvement in the health of women will depend on
progress in other aspects of their lives. The Corporation has, therefore,
funded efforts to reduce the gender gap in education, promote laws
and policies to improve the status of women, and expand women's
leadership in planning and setting development priorities and policies
in sub-Saharan Africa.
Through
the initiative on transitions to democracy in Africa, the Corporation
has promoted progress toward democratic governance in the continent.
Recent funds have enabled a network of African scholars to analyze
the literature produced in Africa on the factors influencing democratic
processes and transitions. In addition, support has been given to
studies of national sovereignty and military civilian relationships
¾ two areas that have implications for the resolution of internal
conflicts in Africa. The Corporation has also promoted new approaches
to designing and implementing collaborative development assistance
strategies in Africa. A long-standing concern, addressed by grant
recipients in this country, has been to build constituencies for
Africa among United States leaders in the public and private sectors.
The aim has been to contribute to an understanding of changes under
way in the continent and to an awareness of the opportunities and
benefits of U.S. partnership aimed at reinforcing these changes.
The
successor program, International Development, in the coming year
will be exploring selected opportunities to strengthen the contribution
of higher education and libraries to national development in Commonwealth
Africa and will seek to improve women's opportunities in higher
education. See the 1998 99 program guidelines beginning on p. 89
for more information.
International
Development Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. African Technology
Policy Studies Network. Two years, $500,000.
The African Technology Policy Studies Network was created in 1993
to strengthen the region's institutional capacity for managing science-led
development. It supports interdisciplinary studies in fifteen anglophone
African countries on issues including the acquisition and use of
technology and the role of women in technological change. Network
staff members are training new investigators in research methodology
and exploring ways to improve the dissemination of research findings
to policymakers, business leaders, and academics. The network is
sponsored by the Corporation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the
International Development Research Centre, which serves as its fiscal
agent and institutional base.
Judi
Wakhungu, Coordinator, African Technology Policy Studies Network.
United
Nations African Institute for Economic Development and Planning,
Dakar, Senegal. Technical assistance to science and technology policy
dialogues in Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe (final). Two
years, $100,000.
The United Nations African Institute for Economic Development and
Planning provides African countries with training, research, and
technical assistance in development strategies. It is coordinating
national science and technology policy dialogues in Ghana, Nigeria,
Tanzania, and Zimbabwe that are designed to help decision makers
and scientists link science and technology policies with broad economic
planning and management. Institute staff members are preparing background
papers for the dialogues that focus on policy formulation and implementation,
long-term planning, and practices that foster the integration of
science and technology policies with economic policies.
Jeggan
C. Senghor, Director.
Nigerian
Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Promotion of strategic management of science and technology policy
in Nigeria (final). Two years, $75,000. The African Technology Pol
icy
Studies Network was founded in 1993 to strengthen the research base
of technology policymaking in sub-Saharan Africa. Of the fifteen
countries that contribute to the network, four ¾ Ghana, Nigeria,
Tanzania, and Zimbabwe ¾ are engaged in a project to synthesize
findings and establish a model series of national dialogues to bridge
technology and economic policies. Researchers at the Nigerian Institute
of Social and Economic Research, which leads the policy dialogue
initiative in Nigeria, are linking science and technology experts
with policymakers through a compendium of science and technology
policy research studies. The studies are published and distributed
to the public and private sector.
G.
O. A. Laditan, Director, Business and Technology Development Department.
United
Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Capacity building to improve science and technology information
and communications systems in Africa. One year, $250,000.
One of the goals of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
(eca) is to strengthen information systems throughout the African
continent. In collaboration with European and U.S. private foundations,
bilateral donors, nongovernmental organizations, and the World Bank,
eca is developing standardized guidelines for information exchange
systems across countries and convening meetings to harmonize databases
on development. The objective is to build an information infrastructure
that can support implementation of the African Information Society
Initiative, established in 1996 to help all African countries attain
a minimum level of Internet connectivity.
K.
Y. Amoako, Executive Secretary. (www.un.org/depts/eca)
Harvard
University, Boston, MA. Collaborative training program with
African institutions in health and behavioral research (final).
Nineteen months, $625,000.
Harvard University's East African Health and Behavior Fellowship
Program, created to promote interdisciplinary research and training
in the social sciences and medicine at the universities of Nairobi
and Dar es Salaam, completed its eighth and concluding year in 1998.
Under the program, faculty members from both universities received
training at Harvard and produced research proposals, manuscripts
for publication, and training materials. The Corporation's final
grant is enabling ten former fellows to return to Harvard to develop
guidelines for sustaining new, similar programs at the East African
universities. The results of an evaluation of the program will be
published in a journal article and a book. Harvard provides in-kind
support.
Arthur
Kleinman, Chairman, Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical
School.
University
of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Interdisciplinary
program in social science and medicine (final). Three years, $300,000.
The Social Science and Medicine Program at the University of Dar
es Salaam, founded by the first two faculty members to receive fellowships
under Harvard University's East African Health and Behavior Fellowship
Program, aims to increase the use of combined social science and
medical research methods to solve Tanzania's health problems. Program
team members organize conferences on culture and medicine, prepare
teaching materials, produce and disseminate monographs, and conduct
interdisciplinary research. Under a final grant, the program is
being institutionalized within the university as the Centre for
Studies in Social Science and Medicine. Support also comes from
bilateral and multilateral donors and the Ford Foundation.
Melkizedeck
T. Leshabari, Chairman, Social Science and Medicine Program, Muhimbili
Medical Centre.
University
of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. Interdisciplinary program in social
science and medicine (final). Three years, $300,000.
Like its sister program at the University of Dar es Salaam, the
Interfaculty Collaboration Programme was founded by the first two
University of Nairobi faculty members to participate in Harvard
University's East African Health and Behavior Fellowship Program.
With a focus on priority health problems in Kenya, the program holds
cross-disciplinary annual conferences and twice-monthly workshops
for medical and social scientists from around the country. It is
making the transition to an organization within the university,
the Centre for Health and Behavior Studies, where program team members
will create cross-faculty courses; publish books, monographs, and
a newsletter; and continue to engage in collaborative research.
The university also provides support.
Violet
N. Kimani, Programme Coordinator, Interfaculty Collaboration Programme.
Social Science and Medicine Africa Network, Nairobi, Kenya. Support
(final). Three years, $300,000.
The Social Science and Medicine Africa Network promotes the use
of social science theories and methods in health research and policymaking
in Africa. Through its twelve national chapters, the network maintains
a directory of Africa-based health and social scientists, publishes
a newsletter, and holds conferences, workshops, and seminars. Under
a final grant joined by support from the U.S. Agency for International
Development and the Canadian International Development Research
Centre, it is documenting collaborations between social and medical
scientists that produced new health interventions. The published
case studies will be used to educate policymakers about integrated
approaches to the improvement of health in the continent.
Anne
M. Pertet, Coordinator.
Akina
Mama wa Afrika, London, United Kingdom. African Women's Leadership
Institute. Two years, $200,000.
Akina Mama wa Afrika (Swahili for ²solidarity among African womenÓ)
is a London-based nongovernmental organization that serves as a
resource on African women's issues in Europe and in Africa. In 1996
it initiated the pilot phase of the Uganda-based African Women's
Leadership Institute, designed to strengthen young women's leadership
skills. Participants complete a program of training in strategic
planning, advocacy, and constituency building and apply to the institute
for small grants to organize similar programs in their own countries.
At a 1999 conference, alumnae will analyze the institute's progress
and make recommendations on its future. Bilateral and multilateral
donors and other foundations provide additional funding.
Bisi
Adeleye-Fayemi, Director.
Natal
Women's Resource Centre, Durban, South Africa. Women's resource
center in Natal, South Africa (final). Two years, $100,000.
The Natal Women's Resource Centre works with the more than 200 women's
groups in largely rural KwaZulu/Natal province to enhance their
participation in policymaking. A central activity is a series of
workshops about selected policy issues that elicit women's views
for incorporation in briefs for provincial and national decision
makers. Workshops are being planned to address land policy and violence
against women. Staff members also publish a newsletter and a directory
of women's organizations and offer training for women interested
in running for local office. The center has received local funding
from the private sector and from government.
Smalgele
Lesuthu, Coordinator. Women in Law and Development in Africa,
Harare, Zimbabwe. Training and advocacy on women's rights. Two years,
$300,000.
Women in Law and Development in Africa (wildaf) is a regional network
of individuals and organizations working to improve the legal status
of women. wildaf holds workshops and produces manuals to help its
members ¾ lawyers, scholars, activists, and community organizers
from more than 120 groups throughout Africa ¾ design and implement
programs to educate women about their rights. A 1999 workshop will
focus on an evaluation of these efforts. The network is also training
members to monitor and report on women's rights and to advocate
for legal reform at the national and the local level. Further support
comes from the Ford Foundation and from bilateral and multilateral
agencies.
Joana
Foster, Regional Coordinator.
University
of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. Research on women's legal rights in
West Africa. Two years, $200,000.
The
Women and Law in West Africa network, based at the University of
Ghana, conducts research on laws and customs affecting women's rights
in Ghana, the Gambia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. Network teams of
social scientists and lawyers from the four countries have reviewed
the application of law in three areas: marriage and the family,
violence against women, and land tenure and land rights. The country
reports are being published as a book, Situational Analyses of Some
Key Issues Affecting Women, which is consonant with the network's
goal of adding to the body of knowledge on the status of women.
The teams are now researching inheritance laws and working with
other nongovernmental organizations in West Africa to develop dissemination
and advocacy strategies.
Akua
Kuenyehia, Project Director, Women and Law in West Africa, Human
Rights Study Centre, Faculty of Law.
Women's
Action Group, Harare, Zimbabwe. Outreach on women's rights in
Zimbabwe (final). Three years, $100,000.
The Women's Action Group conducts national campaigns to change laws
governing citizenship, inheritance, and ownership of property in
Zimbabwe. The group has three core activities: health education
workshops, legal education and policy advocacy, and a magazine on
women's issues. The magazine, Speak Out, is distributed to a readership
of more than 125,000 and is published in English, Shona, and Ndebele,
the most widely spoken languages in the country. Members of the
group are organizing workshops for policymakers, community leaders,
and representatives of local women's groups to discuss national
policy issues related to women's rights. They are also increasing
their networking and advocacy efforts at the national level. Additional
funds come from bilateral donors and the Buntstift Foundation.
Salina
Mumbengegwi, Director.
University
of Minnesota Foundation, Minneapolis, MN. International Women's
Rights Action Watch (final). Two years, $100,000.
The International Women's Rights Action Watch, based at the Hubert
H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota,
promotes worldwide ratification of and compliance with the 1979
United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women. The watch operates through a global network of more
than 4,000 individuals and organizations, which report on developments
in their countries. Among its publications are a guide to reporting
under the convention and a newsletter that links women's groups
around the world. This final grant, for continued support to African
participants in the network, joins funding for the action watch
from other foundations and the Swedish International Development
Agency.
Marsha
A. Freeman, Director, International Women's Rights Action Watch.
Multi-Disciplinary
African Women's Health Network, Accra, Ghana. Support. One year,
$100,000.
Participants at a Corporation-supported 1997 workshop in Nairobi,
Kenya, appointed a steering committee to establish the Multi-Disciplinary
African Women's Health Network. Its aim is to bring together medical
practitioners and advocates from the continent to exchange information
about women's health. Staff members of the network's steering committee
have established a World Wide Web site and are producing a newsletter
and developing databases on the related activities of organizations
in Africa. In subsequent years, the network will organize training
activities for members and devise a strategy to raise awareness
in the continent about women's health issues.
Afua
Hesse, Cochair. (www.mawhn.net)
University
of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana. Postgraduate training in obstetrics
and gynecology in Ghana (final). Two years, $500,000.
In 1989 the University of Ghana Medical School in Accra and the
University of Science and Technology in Kumasi launched a model
five-year residency program in obstetrics and gynecology, designed
to reduce the number of obstetricians who leave Ghana for training
and remain abroad after certification. Fourteen postgraduates have
completed the curriculum ¾ all of them remaining in the country
as practicing specialists. Ten Ghanaian physicians who received
training in other countries have returned to join the program as
teachers. The Corporation's final grant is supplemented by support
from the British Department for International Development.
Josiah
A. Martey, Programme Coordinator, OBGYN Postgraduate Training Program,
University of Science and Technology, School of Medical Sciences.
Council
for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, Dakar,
Senegal. Review of African research on transitions to democracy
(final). Nine months, $100,000.
The Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa
(codesria) is directing a project to synthesize and disseminate
research on transitions to democracy produced in the continent by
African scholars. A preliminary report, Democratic Transition or
Political Liberalization, summarizes some of the most important
issues facing Africa's new democracies and includes a bibliography
of more than 800 titles. One review is being issued in English and
French, in book form and on cd-rom for each of the seven geographic
or linguistic regions designated by codesria. Staff members are
also organizing three subregional workshops for scholars, policymakers,
and journalists to discuss the findings and develop further dissemination
strategies.
Mamadou
Diouf, Program Officer for Research and Documentation.
International
Peace Academy, New York, NY. Projects to build capacity to manage
conflict in Africa. Two years, $400,000.
Since 1992 the International Peace Academy has cooperated with the
Organization of African Unity (oau) to develop a program to prevent
and manage conflicts within and between African nations. The academy
is evaluating the effectiveness of the oau program and will issue
a report in 1999. It is also assessing the effects of interventions
by neighboring countries in recent conflicts in Burundi, Republic
of Congo, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The case studies will be published
as part of the academy's policy briefing series and will serve as
background to a 1999 consultation on conflict management in Africa.
Governmental organizations and other foundations provide further
support.
Margaret
A. Vogt, Senior Associate, Africa Program. (www.ipacademy.org)
Brookings
Institution, Washington, DC. Project by Francis M. Deng to develop
a normative framework for governance in Africa. One year, $200,000.
In his Corporation-supported book Sovereignty as Responsibility:
Conflict Management in Africa (Brookings Institution, 1996), Francis
M. Deng stressed the responsibilities of national governments toward
their citizens. He is now working to define a set of standards for
responsible governance that would be accepted by a majority of African
countries. In Deng's view, these include adherence to democratic
principles, respect for fundamental rights and freedoms, constructive
management of diversity, and economic policies aimed at producing
growth along with equitable resource distribution. Advised by a
committee of African, U.S., and European scholars and practitioners,
he is holding workshops to review the themes and recommendations
emerging from the study and to plan strategies for disseminating
the resulting book.
Francis
M. Deng, Senior Fellow. (www.brook.edu)
African
Association of Political Science, Harare, Zimbabwe. Institutional
strengthening (final). Two years, $150,000.
The African Association of Political Science has national chapters
in thirteen African countries and the United States. The association
has built its membership by publishing a quarterly newsletter and
a semiannual journal and by providing funds for the chapters to
hold forums on democratization. In August 1998, it organized a pilot
workshop for junior political science lecturers to strengthen their
research, teaching, and writing skills. It is currently sponsoring
twelve forums in francophone West, Central, and North Africa. Additional
core funding comes from the Ford Foundation and the Swedish International
Development Agency; other foundations support several of the chapters.
Kwame
A. Ninsin, Administrative Secretary. (www. aaps.co.zw)
Carter
Center, Atlanta, GA. New model of international cooperation
for development assistance. One year, $250,000.
The Global Development Initiative was established in 1993 at the
Carter Center to test a model for improving the effectiveness of
development assistance through increased collaboration among donors
and between donors and developing countries. The model has two components:
elaboration by the host country of a national development strategy
that establishes economic, legislative, and human resources plans
and priorities, and the coordination of donor support for implementation
of the strategy. The center provides technical assistance to the
host country and acts as an advocate for the process with donors.
Development experts and an advisory group of leaders from donor
agencies and nongovernmental organizations are helping the center
to monitor and evaluate the initiative.
Jason
S. Calder, Program Coordinator, Global Development Initiative. (www.cartercenter.org)
National
Summit on Africa, Washington, DC. Planning a national leadership
conference on U.S. Africa relations. One year, $250,000.
A National Summit on Africa will be held in Washington, D.C., in
November 1999. Its three interrelated aims are to educate the U.S.
public about Africa and current U.S. Africa relations; to broaden
and strengthen the network of supporters of Africa in the United
States; and to develop an agenda for guiding U.S. relations with
Africa. Modeled on United Nations conferences, the summit has held
preparatory meetings to foster debate on the importance of Africa
to the United States and on U.S. involvement in the continent's
renewal. Recommendations from these meetings, together with those
from a U.S. Africa policy meeting being convened in Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia, in March 1999, will be considered at the summit. The Ford
Foundation is the summit's largest single supporter.
Leonard
Robinson, Executive Director. (www.africasummit.org)
Africa–America
Institute, New York, NY. Development of an expanded policy information
and advocacy program (final). Two years, $200,000.
Since its inception in 1953, the Africa America Institute has managed
educational programs for Africans studying in this country and has
worked to educate U.S. policymakers and the public about African
issues. The Corporation's final grant is supporting the institute's
new policy program. Planned activities include roundtables for members
of Congress and their staffs; regional symposia for Africans living
in the United States; and the highlighting of policy issues through
policy papers, op-ed pieces, letters to the editor, and a quarterly
newsletter. The institute is also funded by the Ford Foundation
and U.S. government agencies.
Mora
McLean, President. (www.igc.org/ia/mb/aai-low.html)
Discretionary
Grants
Akina
Mama wa Afrika, London, United Kingdom
Toward an African women's leadership institute, $25,000
American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA
Toward planning an issue of Daedalus on South Africa, $25,000
American
Assembly, Columbia University, New York, NY
Toward publication and dissemination of a book on Africa and U.S.
national interests, $25,000
American
Assembly, Columbia University, New York, NY
Toward dissemination of a report on Africa and U.S. national interests,
$9,000
Continental
Consultants (Ghana), Accra-North, Ghana
For planning a multidisciplinary African women's health network,
$25,000
Family
Planning Association of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania For
a project to strengthen programs and cooperation on women's health
among nongovernmental organizations in Tanzania, $25,000
University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL
Toward the International Court of Justice Fiftieth Anniversary Seminar
for Africa on the rule of law, $25,000
FORO
Nacional/International, Lima, Peru
As a final grant toward research and writing by Francisco R. Sagasti
on the role of science and technology in the process of development,
$25,000
International
Peace Academy, New York, NY
As a final grant toward publication and dissemination of a conference
report on militaries, democracies, and security in sub-Saharan Africa,
$25,000
Kenya
Medical Women's Association, Nairobi, Kenya
For a project to strengthen programs and cooperation on women's
health among nongovernmental organizations in Kenya, $25,000
National
Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC
Toward dissemination of a report by the Institute of Medicine on
the role of health in U.S. foreign assistance, $25,000
National
Policy Association, Washington, DC
Toward a quarterly newsletter on international development for U.S.
business and labor leaders, $18,000
Scientific
and Industrial Research and Development Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe
Toward its scientific publishing and dissemination program, $25,000
Uganda
Protestant Medical Bureau, Kampala, Uganda
For a project to strengthen programs and cooperation on women's
health among nongovernmental organizations in Uganda, $25,000
United
Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Toward an international conference on African women and economic
development, $25,000
Women's
Foreign Policy Group, Washington, DC
Toward programs on African issues for women in international affairs,
$25,000
Yale
University, New Haven, CT
As a final grant toward research and writing by Ruben P. Mendez
on the United Nations Development Programme, $25,000
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